Detection of analytes using live cells

ABSTRACT

The present invention provides sensor cells comprising a receptor that binds to an analyte indicative of the presence of an agent, where binding of the analyte to the receptor triggers a detection event that is indicative of the presence of the agent. In certain embodiments, the detection event is appearance of a reporter detectable by the naked eye. The present invention also provides uses of such sensor cells for detecting the presence of an agent in a sample.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation-in-part of International Patent Application No. PCT/US2015/061373, filed Nov. 18, 2015, which claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/081,441, filed Nov. 18, 2014, priority to both of which is claimed, and the contents of both of which are incorporated by reference in their entireties herein. International Patent Application No. PCT/US2015/061373 includes a Sequence Listing which is incorporated by reference herein.

GRANT INFORMATION

This invention was made with government support under grant AI110794 awarded by the National Institutes of Health, grant HR0011-15-2-0032 awarded by the Department of Defense/Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, and grant 1144155 awarded by the National Science Foundation. The government has certain rights in the invention.

SEQUENCE LISTING

The instant application contains a Sequence Listing which has been submitted in ASCII format via EFS-Web and is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. Said ASCII copy, created on Aug. 8, 2017, is named 070050_5943_SL.txt and is 276,956 bytes in size.

1. INTRODUCTION

The present invention relates to methods and compositions for detecting the presence of an agent in a test sample using a whole cell reporter. In certain embodiments, detection can be performed without the aid of instrumentation, for example outside of a laboratory setting, permitting home and field tests for interrogating the status of biological systems. The present invention may be used, for example, to identify pathogens and thereby limit the dissemination of disease.

2. BACKGROUND 2.1. Whole-Cell Biosensors

Microbial whole-cell bio-reporters present unique advantages for environmental sensing, such as the probing of complex biochemical processes, compatibility with aqueous media, self-renewal by replication, portability by freeze-drying, availability of numerous natural sensing pathways, and ease of engineering new functions (e.g., by directed evolution).^(1, 2) Bacterial whole cell sensors have previously been demonstrated for detection of DNA damage,³ heat shock,⁴ oxidative stress,⁵ heavy metals,⁶⁻⁸ viruses,⁹ and light.¹⁰ Yeast and mammalian whole cell sensors have also been reported. For yeast whole cell sensors, see Hollis (2000) and Radhika (2007). For mammalian whole cell sensors, see Rider, (2003).

2.2. Peptides as Analytes

While natural receptors can be utilized for detection of a broad range of analytes, proteins and their peptide epitopes present a ubiquitous pool of natural biomarkers which are highly characteristic of the organisms that produce them. Peptides can thus be used as targets for detection of pathogenic organisms, food born toxins, immunogens and bioterrorism agents. For example, see the recent development of mass spectrometry of proteolized samples as a diagnostic tool for various diseases.^(11, 12)

2.3. Using GPCRs for Detection

G-protein coupled receptors (GPCR) constitute a large family of seven-transmembrane receptors for hormones, neurotransmitters, chemokines, calcium, odorants, taste molecules and even light.¹⁹ GPCR signaling pathways are highly conserved among diverse species. Furthermore, GPCR-activation of the Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) phosphorylation cascade is conserved from yeast to mammals,¹⁹ with different MAPK families activated by multiple different GPCRs.

It was shown that yeast pheromone receptors can be functionally replaced by expressing mammalian GPCRs that couple to the endogenous MAPK signaling pathway, so that the corresponding mammalian agonist activates the yeast pheromone response using different reporter genes²¹⁻²³ beta-galactosidase²⁴⁻²⁶ or auxotrophic markers.²⁷⁻²⁹

G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) have previously been implemented in yeast to develop high-throughput drug discovery assays based around mammalian receptors by using a growth based reporter.^(13, 14) Additionally, yeast has also been used to functionally express native fungal receptors to study the biology of the respective fungi.¹⁵⁻¹⁸ These previous studies coupled the GPCRs to the endogenous pheromone response pathway by using laboratory assays requiring instrumentation.

3. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to methods and compositions for detecting the presence of an agent, for example, but not limited to, a human disease agent (e.g., a pathogenic agent), an agricultural agent, an industrial and model organism agent, a bioterrorism agent, or a heavy metal contaminant, by detecting the presence of an analyte indicative of the presence of the agent in a test sample. In certain embodiments, the analyte is the agent itself, a portion of the agent (e.g., a portion generated by proteolysis), or a product of the agent. The methods utilize a sensor cell bearing a receptor that is specific for the analyte, where binding of the receptor to the analyte triggers a detection event that is indicative of the presence of the agent. The reporter can be coupled to the receptor. In certain embodiments, the sensor cell is a microbe that is easy and quick to propagate, for example a yeast cell, and the reporter gene product is detectable to the naked eye, for example a pigmented compound such as (red) lycopene. In certain non-limiting embodiments, the present disclosure provides an engineered baker's yeast that uses G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) to detect a range of peptide ligands associated with specific target agents and uses the red plant pigment lycopene as a fast, non-technical, visual readout. In certain non-limiting embodiments, the present disclosure provides methods of engineering peptide-activated GPCRs to detect non-cognate agent-specific peptides and to improve performance (e.g., sensitivity and/or specificity) against peptide ligands, using directed evolution.

The present invention provides methods of detecting the presence of an agent of interest in a sample. In certain embodiments, the method comprises: contacting the sample with a sensor cell comprising a non-native G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) that binds to an analyte indicative of the presence of the agent, wherein binding of the analyte to the receptor triggers appearance of a reporter detectable by the naked eye, wherein the increased expression is indicative of the presence of the agent. The agent can be selected from the group consisting of human disease agents, agricultural agents, industrial and model organism agents, bioterrorism agents, and heavy metal contaminants. In certain embodiments, the non-native GPCR receptor is engineered to bind to the analyte. In certain embodiments, the non-native GPCR receptor is engineered by directed evolution. In certain embodiments, the non-native GPCR receptor is a fungal pheromone GPCR. In certain embodiments, the non-native GPCR receptor is selected from the group consisting of the GPCRs listed in Tables 2 and 6.

In certain embodiments, the sensor cell is a microbe. In certain embodiments, the sensor cell is a fungal cell. In certain embodiments, the sensor cell is a yeast cell. In certain embodiments, the sensor cell is S. cerevisiae. In certain embodiments, the sensor cell comprises a nucleic acid encoding the receptor. In certain embodiments, the nucleic acid is linked to a promoter.

In certain embodiments, the analyte is a cognate ligand for the non-native GPCR receptor. In certain embodiments, the analyte is a non-cognate ligand for the non-native GPCR receptor.

In certain embodiments, the analyte is a peptide. In certain embodiments, the peptide is a fungal mating pheromone. The fungal mating pheromone can be selected from the group consisting of human fungal mating pheromones (meaning mating pheromones of fungi that can colonize or infect humans), non-human animal fungal mating pheromones (meaning mating pheromones of fungi that colonize or infect a non-human animal), plant fungal mating pheromones (meaning mating pheromones of fungi that colonize or infect a plant), food fungal mating pheromones (meaning mating pheromones of fungi that colonize or infect human or non-human animal food items), and industrial/model fungal mating pheromone. In non-limiting examples, the human fungal mating pheromone can be selected form the group consisting of the mating pheromones of C. albicans, C. glabrata, P. brasiliensis, L. elongisporous, P. rubens, C. guillermondi, C. tropicalis, C. parapsilosis, C. lusitaniae, S. scheckii, and Candida krusei. An example of a non-human animal fungal mating pheromone is the mating pheromone of P. destructans. In non-limiting examples, the plant fungal mating pheromone can be selected from the group consisting of the mating pheromones of F. graminearum, M. oryzea, B. cinerea, G. candidum, and C. purpurea. In non-limiting examples, the food fungal mating pheromone can be selected from the group consisting of the mating pheromones of Zygosaccharomyces bailii, Zygosaccharomyces rouxii, and N. fischeri. In non-limiting examples, the industrial/model fungal mating pheromone can be selected from the group consisting of the mating pheromones of S. cerevisiae, K. lactis, S. pombe, V. polyspora (receptor 1), V. polyspora (receptor 2), S. stipitis, S. japonicas, S. castellii, and S. octosporus, A. oryzae, T. melanosporum, D. haptotyla, C. tenuis, Y. lipolytica, T. delbrueckii, B. bassiana, K. pastoris, A. nidulans, N. crassa, and H. jecorina.

In non-limiting examples, the peptide can be selected from the group consisting of the peptides listed in Table 5. In certain embodiments, the peptide has a length of about 5-25 residues. In certain embodiments, the peptide has a length of about 9-23 residues.

In certain embodiments, the peptide is associated with a bacterial infection. In certain embodiments, the peptide is associated with Vibrio cholera. In non-limiting examples, the peptide associated with Vibrio cholerae can be selected from the group consisting of a peptide having an amino acid sequence set forth in VEVPGSQHIDSQKKA (SEQ ID NO: 26), a peptide having an amino acid sequence that is at least 80%, at least 90% or at least 95% about homologous to SEQ ID NO: 26, a peptide having an amino acid sequence set forth in VPGSQHIDS (SEQ ID NO: 27), and a peptide having an amino acid sequence that is at least about 80%, at least 90% or at least 95% homologous to SEQ ID NO: 27. In certain embodiments, the peptide is derived from cholera toxin. The peptide derived from cholera toxin can be selected from the group consisting of the peptides listed in Table 7.

In certain embodiments, the non-native GPCR receptor is coupled to the reporter. In certain embodiments, the method further comprises culturing the sensor cell for an effective period of time; and determining expression of the reporter gene.

In certain embodiments, determining expression of the reporter gene does not comprise instrumentation. In certain embodiments, the reporter is a biosynthesized visible-light pigment. In certain embodiments, the reporter is lycopene. In certain embodiments, the sensor cell is engineered to express the receptor.

In certain embodiments, the sample is selected from the group consisting of water samples and body fluid samples. The water sample can be selected from the group consisting of fresh water, sea water, and sewage samples. The body fluid sample can be selected from the group consisting of intestinal fluids, diarrhea, mucus, blood, cerebrospinal fluid, lymph, pus, saliva, vomit, urine, bile, and sweat.

Additionally, the present invention provides a sensor cell comprising a non-GPCR receptor that binds to an analyte indicative of the presence of the agent, wherein binding of the analyte to the receptor triggers appearance of a reporter detectable by the naked eye, wherein the increased expression is indicative of the presence of the agent.

Furthermore, the present invention provides a kit for detecting the presence of an agent of interest, comprising a sensor cell as described above. In certain embodiments, the kit further comprises a negative control. In certain embodiments, the kit further comprises a substrate that comprises the sensor cell. In certain embodiments, the substrate is comprised in a dipstick. In certain embodiments, the kit further comprises a nutrient source.

4. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

The patent or application file contains at least one drawing executed in color. Copies of this patent or patent application publication with color drawing(s) will be provided by the Office upon request and payment of the necessary fee.

FIGS. 1A and 1B depict biosynthesis of lycopene. (A) Introduction of E. herbicola carotenoid enzymes (CrtEBI) result in biosynthesis of lycopene from endogenous yeast farnesyl pyrophosphate. (B) A lycopene-producing yeast strain becomes visibly colored.

FIG. 2 depicts eukaryotic biosensor design. Binding of one or more agent-specific analyte (e.g., a peptide) to a receptor triggers a signal transduction cascade, resulting in induction of CrtI (or other Crt) gene responsible for a reporter (e.g., lycopene) biosynthesis or other reporter genes. The G-protein coupled receptor operates via the mating signaling pathway in yeast.

FIG. 3 depicts one embodiment of cell-based detection of cholera pathogen in drinking water. Engineered sensor is added to cholera-contaminated water or a clinical sample. Binding of the cholera pathogen-specific peptide induces a signal cascade in the sensor cell, resulting in amplification of a color reporter gene colorimetric signal.

FIGS. 4A and 4B depict experimental results with yeast strains that produced lycopene in response to activation of the endogenous GPCR Ste2. FIG. 4A shows induction of lycopene biosynthesis by the natural yeast peptide, α-factor. FIG. 4B shows improvement of lycopene readout speed with modification of the yeast strain, in laboratory conditions.

FIG. 5 depicts viability of yeast after freeze-drying. 10⁸ cells were freeze dried and resuspended in YPD. Cell was then plated to quantify survival after 0, 1 or 4 hours in YPD media.

FIG. 6 depicts functional and specific response of fungal GPCRs measured by fluorescence. “Xx.a” denotes peptide pheromones derived from species Xx. Species abbreviations: Sc, S. cerevisiea; Ca, C. albicans; Pb, P. brasiliensis; Fg, F. graminearum; Mo, M. oryzea; Bc, B. cinerea.

FIG. 7 depicts a peptide-centric directed evolution (DE) approach. The peptide-centric DE approach permitted direct use of hybrid peptides that march from αF to the target peptide analytes. After rounds of DE, mutant engineered receptors gained activity to an intermediate peptide and then further increased EC50.

FIG. 8 depicts one embodiment of cell-based detection of an agent of interest. A yeast-based biosensor constructed around engineered baker's yeast is extremely cheap to produce, portable as a freeze-dried product, and simple to use. A non-technical user simply adds a sample and waits for a color change signaling the presence of the agent.

FIGS. 9A-9C depict specific detection of fungal peptides. (A) Mining of fungal receptor-pheromone pairs. Fungal receptor gene was cloned into S. cerevisiae sensor strain, and tested using a synthetic fungal peptide pheromone, using a fluorescent readout. (B) Orthogonality matrices of fungal receptors, measured in biosensor strain using fungal GPCR-peptide pairs. (C) EC50 values for fungal receptors.

FIG. 10 depicts functional characterization of fungal GPCR-peptide pairs. GPCR was engineered into S. cerevisiae sensor cell, and induced using its native fungal peptide (synthetic peptide). Induction of fluorescent marker was monitored in culture.

FIGS. 11A-11C depict common topology of fungal GPCRs. (A) Topological model of the S. cerevisiae Ste receptor was predicted by TMHMM v2.0. All the GPCRs characterized have similar topological profile which includes three key regions of higher homology to S. cerevisiae Ste2 (gray boxes). Region I corresponds to the third intracellular loop and shows two positively charged residues with high conservation at positions 233 and 234 relative to the S. cerevisiae Ste2. Region II corresponds to the sixth transmembrane helix and contains an essential proline that is conserved across all the receptors at position 258 relative to the S. cerevisiae Ste2. Region III shows the highest level of conservation and also includes an essential proline conserved across all the receptors at position 290 relative to the S. cerevisiae Ste2. (B) Sequence logo results after alignment of the 23 characterized receptors. These three key regions have higher density of conserved residues with some residues conserved across all receptors. (C) Percent homology of different regions the 23 receptors when compared to the corresponding region of the S. cerevisiae Ste2.

FIGS. 12A and 12B depict characteristics of peptide ligands. (A) Functional domains within S. cerevisiae alpha factor. Residues in blue were shown to have a strong impact on binding when changed to alanine, while residues in purple were shown to be involved in signaling. [Naider et al. (2004)]. These findings led to the simplified designation of the N-terminus of alpha factor as the signaling domain and the C-terminus as the binding domain, with internal residues L₆ and G₉ strongly contributing to peptide binding. (B) Functional peptide ligands were aligned and clustered according to [Andreatta et al. (2013)]. Positive and negative charges (red and green, respectively) were indicated in colored bolt. Sequences within each of the clusters were shown along with the resulting sequence logos. Logos only highlight the identified 13-residue motifs.

FIGS. 13A-13D depict enhancement of lycopene output. (A) Detailed lycopene pathway w/co-factors and improved yield lycopene yield & time of visible detection. (B and C) Lycopene yield (B) and response time (C) were optimized using the natural S. cerevisiae alpha factor response. Overexpression of genes tHMG1, CrtI and Fad1 showed gradual increase in lycopene yield allowing faster visible response. (D) Characterization of lycopene output in response to alpha factor peptide of pathogenic fungi C. Albicans.

FIGS. 14A-14C depict detection of pheromone-producing C. albicans strain via biosensor strain. (A) Design of “Yeast Block” product and functional demonstration of integrated biosensor. (B) Dose-response curve of lycopene-producing biosensor using synthetic C. Albians alpha pheromone. (C) Biosensor response to different pheromone-producing C. albicans strains, as measured using fluorescence output. Each of the C. albicans were grown first on Phloxine B stained agar and opaque colonies were selected. These opaques colonies were cultured and their supernatants were assayed.

FIG. 15 depicts a process from biomarker identification to a novel biosensor. Workflow starts with identification of potential peptide biomarkers by mass spectrometry, leading to identification of parent GPCR used for directed evolution. The resulting GPCR which binds the selected biomarker is incorporated into the biosensor cell.

FIG. 16 depicts best matching fungal library member/peptidome member pair. The sample peptide HFGVLDEQLHR (SEQ ID NO:132) is similar in length and sequence (36% identity) to the natural mating pheromone activating the mating GPCR of Zygosaccharomyces rouxii.

FIGS. 17A-17D. (A) Dipstick device. Inset: positive readout, “+” biosensor strain. “−” negative control cells. (B) Quantitative analysis of lycopene production using dipstick assay, as scored by time-lapse photography for detection of 1 μM synthetic P. brasiliensis mating peptide. Individual runs shown in light color, average response shown in dark color. Shading indicates visible threshold. (C) P. brasiliensis and C. albicans mating peptides were reproducibly detected using the dipstick assay. Maximal response was achieved by 12 hours after exposure to the respective peptides (1 μM). (D) Detection of P. brasiliensis mating peptide in complex samples. Liquid samples were supplemented with synthetic P. brasiliensis mating peptide (blue) or water (grey), and scored as in B. YPD—media only, Soil—standard potting soil, Urine—50% pooled human urine Serum—50% human serum, Blood—2% whole blood. All experiments were performed using 1 μM peptide and supplemented with YPD media.

FIGS. 18A-18E. Paper-based dipstick assay. (A) Engineered S. cerevisiae biosensor cells spotted on paper are the only active component required for the dipstick assay. Spot diameter-5 mm. (B) Dipstick assay includes two spots, indicator biosensor strain and control strain, placed on top of a strip of paper towel that acts as wicking paper. The indicator biosensor spot detects the target ligand and the negative control spot contains a strain with an off-target receptor. This design enables easy visual interpretation of the results as well as quantification by calculating the difference in the pixel color values between the two spots (see Supplementary Methods). (C) Representative photograph of the dipstick for detection of the fungal pathogen P. brasiliensis in soil. Left—no mating peptide in soil. Right—mating peptide added to soil. Scale bar-1 cm. (D) A simple plastic holder was designed to enable easy use of the dipstick assay. Thin black bars-2 cm. (E) Dipstick holder does not affect biosensor performance as shown by time course measurement of the P. brasiliensis dipstick test response using 1 μM cognate peptide. FIGS. 19A-19H. Optimization of peptide-induced lycopene production.

(A) Lycopene biosynthetic pathway. Lycopene production is induced (red arrow) by mating-signal dependent activation of the FUS1 promoter. Biosynthetic enzymes shown in bold. Genes targeted for optimization shown in colors. HMG-CoA: 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A, FMN: flavin mononucleotide, FAD: flavin adenine dinucleotide, FPP: farnesyl pyrophosphate, GGPP: geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate. (B) Optical density spectrum of constitutive lycopene producing and lycopene null strains. (C) The spectrum of lycopene in yeast cells calculated from B. This spectrum allows selection of wavelengths for spectroscopic measurement of lycopene per cell (see Supplementary Methods). (D) Maximal lycopene yield per cell calculated from time course data in F-H. “Null” (grey)—parental strain (no lycopene genes); “Lyco-1” (black)—parental strain with single copy CrtE, CrtB and CrtI; “tHMG1” (green)—Lyco-1 with plasmid-borne truncated copy of Hmg1; “2×CrtI” (orange)—Lyco-1 with plasmid-borne copy of CrtI; “Fad1” (blue)—Lyco-1 with plasmid-borne copy of Fad1; “Lyco-2” (red)—Lyco-1 with additional genes genomically integrated. (E) The time to half-maximal lycopene yield was used to compare readout speed. Strains as in D. (F-H), Time course of lycopene strains induced with 10 μM of S. cerevisiae peptide (solid line) or water (dotted line). Strains as in D.

FIGS. 20A-20B. Specificity of fungal mating receptors. (A) Heterologous receptors (‘species.Ste2’) were induced with 5 μM of the indicated fungal mating peptide. mCherry fluorescence was measured after 9 hours. Basal (0%) and maximal (100%) fluorescence used indicated in grey. (B) Data as in A. Activation of heterologous mating receptors shown here grouped by mating peptide.

FIGS. 21A-21D. P. brasiliensis biosensor characterization in liquid culture. Dose-response and time-course data shown for S. cerevisiae strain carrying P. brasiliensis Ste2 receptor (Ca.Ste2) under different conditions: (A)-temperatures, (B)-pH, (C)-50% human serum and (D)-50% human urine. Lycopene yield was determined by absorbance after 9 hours. All experiments were performed using 1 μM synthetic peptide. The limit of detection (LoD, lowest peptide concentration producing significant signal over background, **P≤0.01) is shown for each sample conditions. N=3.

FIGS. 22A-22E. Comparison of mating receptors from human pathogens P. brasiliensis and H. capsulatum. (A) Protein sequence comparison of the P. brasiliensis (Pb. Ste2) and H. capsulatum (Hc. Ste2) receptors. Positions that differ highlighted in grey. (B) Dose response curve using Pb.Ste2 and Hc.Ste2 receptors cloned in S. cerevisiae and induced with the common cognate ligand (see Table 9, below). Measurement was taken after 12 hours. All measurements were performed in duplicate. (C) Comparison of basal (dH2O) and maximum (5 μM) activation level for Pb and Hc mating receptor using the same synthetic ligand, as shown in B. (D) Comparison of Pb.Ste2 and Hc.Ste2 receptors fold-activation and EC50 values calculated from panel B. Grey cross lines mark the equivalent values for S. cerevisiae wild type mating receptor Ste2 activated by its own cognate peptide. While Hc.Ste2 exhibited higher sensitivity to the common mating peptide than Pb.Ste2, it also had higher basal level and lower maximal activation making it less effective for detection using the visible lycopene readout. (E) Lycopene production induced by culture supernatant from clinically isolated fungal pathogens. Lycopene per cell measured by spectroscopy at 9 hours **P≤0.01, ***P≤0.001, N=3.

5. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to methods and compositions for detecting the presence of an agent of interest in a test sample.

For clarity and not by way of limitation, the detailed description is divided into the following subsections:

(i) Agents of Interest

(ii) Sensor cells;

(iii) Receptors and coupling systems;

(iv) Detection events;

(v) Analytes;

(vi) Methods of use; and

(vii) Kits

5.1. Agents of Interest

Presently disclosed sensor calls can be used to detect the presence of a variety of agents. Non-limiting examples of suitable agents include human disease agents (human pathogenic agents), agricultural agents, industrial and model organism agents, bioterrorism agents, and heavy metal contaminants.

Human disease agents include, but are not limited to infectious disease agents, oncological disease agents, neurodegenerative disease agents, kidney disease agents, cardiovascular disease agents, clinical chemistry assay agents, and allergen and toxin agents.

Infectious disease agents include, but are not limited to, fungal pathogens, bacterial pathogens, viral pathogens, and protozoan pathogens, as well as toxins produced by same. Non-limiting examples of fungal pathogens include C. albicans, C. glabrata, P. brasiliensis, L. elongisporous, P. rubens, C. guillermondi, C. tropicalis, C. parapsilosis, C. lusitaniae, S. scheckii, and Candida krusei.

Non-limiting examples of bacterial pathogens include Vibrio cholerae, Staphylococcus aureus and Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains, Bacillus subtilis, Streptococcus pneumonia, Group B Streptococcus, Salmonella sp., Listeria monocytogenes, Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Clostridium difficile, Yersinia enterocolitica, Legionella sp., Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca, Serratia marcescens, Neisseria meningitis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Streptococcus pyogenes, botulinum toxin of Clostridium botulinum, Shigella/Enteroinvasive E.coli, Shiga toxin from the Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC), and Verotoxin derived from Shigella dysenteriae. Analytes that are indicative of the presence of bacterial pathogens include, but are not limited to, quorum sensing small molecules such as the Vibrio Cholera CAI-1,⁶⁹ inter-species bacterial quorum sensing AL-2,⁷⁰ or components of the bacterial LPS.

Non-limiting examples of viral pathogens include Ebola virus, HPV, HIV, influenza, Hepatitis C Virus, Hepatitis B Virus. Cytomegalovirus (CMV), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), Norovirus, Sapovirus, and measles virus. Analytes that are indicative of the presence of viral pathogens include, but are not limited to, capsid protein or peptides, and other viral particles.

Non-limiting examples of protozoan pathogens include Trichomonas vaginalis, Cryptosporidium, Cyclospora cayetanensis, Giardia lamblia, and biomarkers for Amoebiasis derived from Entamoeba histolytica such as E. histolytica ADP-forming acetyl-CoA synthetase (EhACS) or related peptides [Huat (2014)], Leishmaniasis biomarkers such as the amastin signature peptide [Rafati (2006)].

Oncological disease agents include, but are not limited to, lung, breast, colorectum, prostate, stomach, liver, kidney or cervix cancer, leukemia, Kaposi sarcoma, Testis, Ovary, thyroid, and other cancer peptide biomarkers unique for certain cancer types, which can be identified by mass spectrometry.⁶⁰⁻⁶³

Neurodegenerative disease agents include, but are not limited to, peptide biomarkers indicated in Alzheimer's,⁶⁴ [notably fungal biomarker for Alzheimer's were recently suggested in Pisa (2015)], the protein DJ-1 or peptides thereof as biomarkers for Parkinson disease,⁶⁵ and biomarkers for prion disease such as proteins or peptides of the 14-3-3 family in cerebrospinal fluid for detection of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease [Van Everbroeck (2005) and Huzarewich (2010)].

Clinical chemistry assay (for general health diagnostics) agents include, but are not limited to, peptide hormones. Peptide hormones include, but are not limited to, neurohypophysial hormones (e.g., oxytocin and vasopressin) and pancreatic hormones (e.g., glucagon, insulin and somatostatin).

Allergen and toxin agents include, but are not limited to, peptide derived from immunogenic wheat peptide (e.g., gluten), and carcinogen aflatoxin B1 derived from the fungi A. flavus.

Kidney disease agents include, but are not limited to, proteins and peptides identified as urinary biomarkers for kidney disease, such as β2-microglobulin, and differential patterns of peptides in type 2 diabetis⁶⁶.

Cardiovascular disease agents include, but are not limited to, proteins and peptides indicative for atherothrombosis or risk markers for stroke. Markers for primary cardiovascular events include peptides derived from C-reactive protein, fibrinogen, cholesterol, apolipoprotein B, high density lipoprotein, and small molecules like vitamin D. Markers for secondary cardiovascular events include peptides derived from cardiac troponins I and T, C-reactive protein, serum creatinine, and cystatin C. Risk markers for primary stroke, include peptides derived from fibrinogen and serum uric acid [Van Holten et al. (2013)]

Agricultural agents include, but are not limited to, fungal pathogens of animals and plants, and fungal agents causing food spoilage. Fungal pathogens of animals and plants include, but are not limited, to animal fungal pathogens and plant fungal pathogens. Animal fungal pathogens include, but is not limited to, P. destructans. Non-limiting examples of plant fungal pathogens include F. graminearum, M oryzea, B. cinerea, G. candidum, and C. purpurea. Non-limiting examples of fungal agents causing food spoilage include Z. bailii, Z. rouxii, and N. fischeri.

Industrial and model organism agents include, but are not limited to, fungal agents used for genetic studies and industrial applications such as food production, pharmaceutical production, fine chemical production, bioremediation, including, but not limited to, S. cerevisiae, K. lactis, S. pombe, V. polyspora (receptor 1), V. polyspora (receptor 2), S. stipitis, S. japonicus, S. castellii, and S. octosporus.

Bioterrorism agents include, but are not limited to, peptide biomarkers for Bacillus anthracis (causative agent of anthrax—e.g., one of three polypeptides that comprise the anthrax toxin secreted by the pathogen: protective antigen (PA), lethal factor (LF) and edema factor (EF)),⁶⁷ Clostridium botulinum (causative agent of botulism—e.g., Botulinum neurotoxin peptides such as the cyclic peptide C11-019),⁶⁸ viral agents such as smallpox (Variola virus) and Viral encephalitis, Ebola virus.

Heavy metal contaminant include, but are not limited to, cadmium, mercury, lead or arsenic, as bound to biological receptors.

In certain embodiments, the agent is the same as the analyte, as disclosed herein. In certain embodiments, the agent is different from the analyte.

5.2. Sensor Cells

The sensor cell can be engineered to comprise one or more component of the assay system disclosed herein. As used herein, the term “engineered” means that one or more component is introduced into a sensor cell or its parent cell by a method selected from the group consisting of recombinant DNA techniques (e.g., Reiterative Recombination and CRISPR), natural genetic events, conjugation, and a combination thereof. Sensor cells can be prokaryotic cells or eukaryotic cells. In certain embodiments, a presently disclosed sensor cell is a microbe, including, but not limited to, bacteria, fungi, and slime molds. In certain embodiments, the sensor cell is a fungal cell. In certain embodiments, the fungal cell is a yeast cell. Non-limiting examples of yeast cells include Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Pichia pastoris and Schizosaccharomyces pombe. In one non-limiting embodiment, the sensor cell is Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Additional non-limiting examples of fungal cells include Candida albicans, Paracoccidioides brasiliensis, Fusarium graminearum, Magnaporthe oryzae, and Botrytis cinerea. In certain embodiments, the sensor cell is a bacterial cell. Non-limiting examples of bacterial cells include Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, and Lactobacillus acidophilus.

5.3 Receptors and Coupling Systems

The present invention provides for receptors and coupling systems wherein a sensor cell comprises (e.g., bears) a receptor that binds to an analyte, where binding of the analyte triggers a detection event that is indicative of the presence of the agent (e.g., expression of a detectable reporter gene, including increased or decreased expression), release of a therapeutic molecule that directly remediates the agent, production of a redox active molecule, or a change in the membrane potential of the sensor cell). In certain embodiments, the sensor cell is engineered to bind to the analyte.

As used herein, the term “receptor” means a molecule (e.g., a ligand) that binds to a presently disclosed analyte that is indicative of the presence of an agent of interest. A presently disclosed receptor is positioned, either inherently or by association with a membrane protein, at the cell surface exposed to the extracellular environment. In certain embodiments, the receptor is a protein. In certain embodiment, the receptor is a naturally occurring (native) protein or a portion thereof. In certain embodiments, the receptor is a portion of a naturally occurring protein comprised in a fusion protein with one or more heterologous proteins. In certain embodiments, the receptor is a mutated version of a naturally occurring protein. In certain embodiments, the receptor is a synthetic protein. In certain embodiments, the receptor is a partly-synthetic protein. In certain embodiments, the receptor comprises one or more non-protein element.

In certain embodiments, the receptor is a non-protein molecule. In one non-limiting embodiment, the receptor is an aptamer or a riboswitch. The receptor may be comprised of a single element or may be comprised of a plurality of elements/subunits.

In certain non-limiting embodiments, the sensor cell comprises a receptor that binds to an analyte, wherein the receptor is coupled to a detectable reporter gene such that when the analyte binds to the receptor, expression of the reporter gene is increased or induced. In certain embodiments, the receptor is coupled to a detectable reporter gene such that when an analyte binds to the receptor, expression of the reporter gene is inhibited (for example, by binding of a transcriptional repressor). In certain embodiments, the analyte is a peptide, e.g., an agent-specific peptide.

As used herein, the term “coupled to” means that binding of an analyte to a receptor is causally linked, directly or indirectly, to and triggers a detection event that is indicative of the presence of the agent (e.g., expression of a detectable reporter gene (induced or inhibited expression), release of a therapeutic molecule that directly remediates the agent, production of a redox active molecule, or a change in the membrane potential of the sensor cell). In certain embodiments, the detection event is expression of a detectable reporter gene. In certain embodiments, the detection event is induced expression of a detectable reporter gene. The receptor may be linked to expression level of the reporter gene through, for example, a pathway of interacting molecules. This pathway may be host-endogenous or engineered.

In certain embodiments, the sensor cell is engineered to express the receptor, for example, by the introduction of a nucleic acid encoding the receptor. In certain embodiments, the nucleic acid is operably linked to a promoter element. In certain embodiments, the promoter element is constitutively active. In certain embodiments, the promoter element is inducibly active. In certain embodiments, the receptor is expressed on the surface of the sensor cell. In certain embodiments, the receptor is expressed on internal membranes of the sensor cell. In certain embodiments, the receptor is expressed in the cytoplasm of the sensor cell.

In certain embodiments, the analyte is a natural (cognate) ligand of the receptor; the coupled analyte-receptor system utilizes a receptor and its natural (cognate) ligand as the analyte. In certain embodiments, the coupled analyte-receptor system is a receptor engineered to bind a different non-cognate ligand as analyte, by way of directed evolution detailed below.

In certain non-limiting embodiments, the sensor cell expresses a single species of analyte receptor. In certain non-limiting embodiments, the sensor cell expresses a plurality of species of analyte receptor.

In certain non-limiting embodiments, the sensor cell comprises an analyte-specific receptor which is coupled to a detectable reporter gene by a G-protein signaling pathway. Hence, in certain embodiments, the receptor is a G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) polypeptide or protein. In certain embodiments, the receptor is a non-native GPCR receptor.

In certain non-limiting embodiments, a yeast pheromone sensing system is used for analyte detection. The yeast pheromone signaling pathway is well studied structurally and is functionally similar to hormone and neurotransmitter signaling pathways in mammals.²⁰ In certain non-limiting embodiments, the receptor is a variant of the yeast Ste2 receptor or Ste3 receptor, wherein the receptor is modified so that it binds to the analyte rather than yeast pheromone. In certain embodiments, the receptor or portion thereof is a polypeptide that is at least about 40%, at least about 50%, at least about 60%, at least about 70%, at least about 80%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 98% homologous, or at least about 99% homologous to the native yeast Ste2 or yeast Ste3 receptor. “Homologous” or “homology” can mean sequence (nucleotide sequence or amino acid sequence) homology or structural homology. In certain embodiments, “homology” or “homologous” refers to sequence (nucleotide sequence or amino acid sequence) homology. The sequence homology can be determined by standard software such as BLAST or FASTA. The receptor binds specifically to the analyte (e.g., agent-specific peptide) under assay conditions or under natural conditions (for example, but not limited to, at room temperature (e.g., 20-25° C., at or around body temperature (e.g., 30-40° C.), field temperature (e.g., 5-40° C.) or between about 20-40° C.). In certain non-limiting embodiments, the receptor is a chimeric protein comprising one or more fragment originating from other receptor proteins, or evolved from non-homologous receptor protein to bind to the analyte (e.g., agent-specific peptide) and interface with a signaling pathway. In certain non-limiting embodiments the receptor is a yeast GPCR polypeptide other than a pheromone binding receptor, such as Gpr1 putative sugar binding receptor and the cognate Gα protein Gpa2.

The present invention also provides a nucleic acid encoding the receptor and a host cell comprising said nucleic acid. The nucleic acid can be used to produce a presently disclosed sensor cell. The nucleic acid can be introduced into the host cell such that it is operably linked to an inducible or constitutively active promoter element. In certain embodiments, the sensor cell is a yeast cell, and a nucleic acid encoding a receptor is introduced into the yeast cell either as a construct or a plasmid in which it is operably linked to a promoter active in the yeast cell or such that it is inserted into the yeast cell genome at a location where it is operably linked to a suitable promoter. Non-limiting examples of suitable yeast promoters include, but are not limited to, constitutive promoters pTef1, pPgk1, pCyc1, pAdh1, pKex1, pTdh3, pTpi1, pPyk1, and pHxt7 and inducible promoters pGal1, pCup1, pMet15, and pFus1.

In certain non-limiting embodiments, receptor activation induces reporter gene expression under a FUS1 promoter, which allows for a convenient screen using reporter gene activation. In one non-limiting example, a GPCR polypeptide is expressed in a yeast cell and is coupled to the yeast pheromone mating system such that GPCR binding activates the yeast Fusl promoter to express a downstream reporter gene.²⁷ The GPCR DNA sequence can then be varied, and this library of altered receptors may be screened for binding of an analyte (e.g., an agent-specific peptide) using production of reporter gene as an indicator of binding.^(13,26)

In certain non-limiting embodiments, where the pathway includes the yeast pheromone sensing pathway, a nucleic acid encoding the reporter is operably linked to at least a transcription controlling portion of the Fusl promoter, for example, but not limited to, an activating sequence located in the region (−300) to (+400) of the Fus1 gene (Gene ID: 850330). In certain non-limiting embodiments, where the pathway includes the yeast pheromone sensing pathway, a nucleic acid encoding the reporter is operably linked to a Ste12-binding element [(A/T)GAAACA], such that binding of Ste12 acts as a transactivator of the expression of the reporter. In certain non-limiting embodiments, where the pathway includes the yeast pheromone sensing pathway, a nucleic acid encoding the reporter is alternatively linked to one or more inducible promoter other than pFus1, e.g., pFus2, pFig2, and/or pAga1. In certain embodiments, receptor-activation is linked to an engineered pheromone-responsive transcription factor, which binds a synthetic transcription controlling element distinct from the Ste12-binding element. The transcription factor Ste12 is composed of a DNA-binding domain, a pheromone responsive domain and an activation domain. The feasibility of engineering Ste12 to bind to non-natural control elements but remain to activate transcription in a pheromone-responsive manner has been shown

[Pi et al (1997)].

In certain embodiments, a GPCR is engineered by directed evolution (DE) to alter its stability, specificity, and/or sensitivity. Hence, a receptor that is activated by a desired analyte can be generated by mutagenesis and selection in the laboratory. Several research groups have established DE in yeast as tool for changing mammalian GPCR ligand specificity.^(13,14,30-32) Non-limiting examples of such engineered GPCRs include mammalian tachykinin receptors, secretin receptors, opioid receptors, and calcitonin receptors. Non-limiting examples of DE to develop a stable reporter strain are provided in the Examples section.

In certain embodiments, the GPCR is a fungal GPCR. In certian embodiments, the GPCR is a fungal phermone GPCR. In certain non-limiting embodiments, a fungal Ste2-type or Ste3-type GPCR derived from one or more fungus is engineered into S. cerevisiae or other yeast cells to serve as areceptor for detecting an agent of interest. While any peptide-sensing GPCR can be repurposed as a detection element in a yeast cell, fungal pheromone GPCRs have several key advantages for biosensor engineering. First, this type of GPCRs (GPCRs homologous to the S cerevisiae Ste2) couple robustly to the host/native pheromone pathway (see FIGS. 9 and 10), and several have been expressly validated in S. cerevisiae with little to no further modifications.¹⁵⁻¹⁸. Second, fungal pheromone GPCRs from related fungi recognize different peptides based on the natural evolution of this class of GPCR.³³ For example, as shown in FIG. 12 and Table 1, these fungal GPCRs recognize a diverse set of peptide ligands. Third, fungal pheromone GPCRs are highly specific for their respective peptides (see FIG. 9), since they must mediate the species-specific mating reaction while preventing interspecies breeding.³⁴ Furthermore, though there is no crystal structure of these GPCRs, extensive biochemical characterization and mutagenesis data indicates that the S. cerevisiae GPCR has a large binding interface across the seven transmembrane helices and the extracellular loops modulating ligand binding.³⁵⁻⁴⁰

Based on these characteristics, fungal pheromone GPCRs offer a highly viable platform for DE towards binding of novel peptide ligands (e.g., non-cognate peptide ligands) through mutagenesis of specific portions of the receptor, the peptide or both.

In certain embodiments, the receptors are identified by searching protein and genomic databases (e.g., NCBI, UniProt) for proteins and/or genes with homology (structural or sequence homology) to S. cerevisiae Ste2 receptor. In certain embodiments, the receptor has an average amino acid sequence homology of 33% to S. cerevisiae Ste2, ranging from 66% to 15% as calculated with Clustal Omega [Sievers (2014)].

In certain embodiments, the receptors have seven transmembrane helices, an extracellular N-terminus, an intracellular C-terminus, three extracellular loops and three intracellular loops when analyzed by TMHMM v2.0 [Krogh et al. (2001)]. As shown in FIG. 11, there are three key regions that have higher density of conserved residues with some residues conserved across all receptors: Region I, Region II, and Region III. Region I corresponds to the third intracellular loop and shows two positively charged residues with high conservation at positions 233 and 234 relative to the S. cerevisiae Ste2. Region II corresponds to the sixth transmembrane helix and contains an essential proline that is conserved across all the receptors at position 258 relative to the S. cerevisiae Ste2. Region III shows the highest level of conservation and also includes an essential proline conserved across all the receptors at position 290 relative to the S. cerevisiae Ste2. Based on previous mutational studies of the S. cerevisiae Ste2 receptor, these three regions are important in mediating signal transduction and interactions with the downstream G-protein. [Ćelić et al. (2003); Martin et al. (2002)]. In certain embodiments, the receptor has at least about >30%, at least about 40%, at least about 50%, at least about 60%, at least about 70%, at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 99%, or least about 100% homologous to Region 1 and/or Region 2 and/or Region 3. The receptor functions in a S. cerevisiae biosensor.

In certain embodiments, when coupled to a lycopene reporter system, as described below, a fungal-derived GPCR, optionally further modified by directed evolution, generates lycopene in the sensor cell in response to the peptide pheromones produced by an agent of interest. Pheromone GPCRs from related fungi can naturally recognize different peptide pheromones based on the highly specific characteristics of this class of GPCRs, which mediate the species-specific mating reaction while preventing interspecies breeding. As described in the Example section, putative GPCRs can be cloned and screened against their putative cognate peptide pheromones using a detector gene, e.g., a fluorescent reporter gene.

The present invention provides a sensor cell (e.g., a yeast cell) comprising a receptor, which is a fungal receptor modified to bind to a bacterial pathogen-specific analyte, such as one from V. cholerae. In certain embodiments, this modification is achieved via directed evolution. The natural yeast pheromone mating receptors Ste2 or Ste3, evolved to bind to a peptide pheromone ligand, are not necessarily likely to adjust to bacterial pathogen-specific analyte and therefore can be deleted from the strain to prevent false activation of reporter gene. A mammalian or hybrid G-protein can be used to enhance GPCR signal transduction in a yeast cell. The remaining genes in the pathway may be endogenous to the yeast sensor cell, or may be engineered for improved performance.

One or more rounds of DE can be performed to generate a GPCR responsive to the natural cholera analytes and peptides. In certain embodiments, cholera-specific peptides can be generated by adding sequence-specific proteases (e.g., trypsin, chymotrypsin, LysN, or GluC) to a given sample. Also, using available computational methods, a peptide database of in-silico proteolized proteomes from bacterial pathogens (e.g., Vibrio cholerae, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Streptococcus pneumonia, Salmonella sp., Listeria monocytogenes), fungal pathogens (e.g., Aspergillus niger, Candida albicans, Cryptococcus neoformans, Cryptococcus gattii, Histoplasma capsulatum, Pneumocystis jirovecii and Stachybotrys) viral pathogens (e.g., Ebola virus, HPV, HIV, influenza viruses), or proteolysis pattern of any single protein of interst e.g. produced during an industrial process, can be generated. This peptide database can be searched using peptide motifs derived from analysis of the natural diversity of fungal pheromones.

A computational approach can also be used to discover target peptide analytes that are amenable to detection by an engineered fungal GPCR. This computational method generates a pool of high priority targets that can be highly amenable to a DE approach. Engineered receptors such as 15C11 and 31E4, that show increased ligand promiscuity as starting points to generate engineered GPCRs, can be used to detect these new target peptide ligands from a diverse set of bacterial pathogens. Additionally, some of the natural peptide pheromones produced by bacterial pathogens can be targeted.

DE can be implemented to optimize any engineered GPCR for improved signal levels, enhanced EC50 and/or signal transduction kinetics. Of the six GPCR families, the secretin and fungal pheromone receptor families naturally sense peptides. Moreover, the rhodopsin receptor family also contains members with peptide ligands. Representative members of each of these families have been heterologously expressed in yeast and functionally coupled to the pheromone response pathway: neurotensin NT1 (rhodopsin-like), growth-hormone-releasing-hormone receptor (secretin-like), Sordaria macrospora pheromone receptor (fungal pheromone-like). These GPCRs can be engineered into a yeast cell as a method for detecting their cognate peptide ligands, e.g., growth hormone or neurotensin, for monitoring or quantification.

Fungal Ste2-type or Ste3-type GPCRs as well as other peptide-specific GPCRs mentioned above can be used as a platform for developing engineered peptide-activated GPCRs to generically detect agent-specific analytes. In certain embodiments, the present disclosure provides a step-wise Directed Evolution (DE) strategy based on intermediate hybrid peptides to change the ligand specificity of the parent GPCRs to bind the target peptides.

In certain embodiments, the engineered GPCR is an engineered receptor for the detection of Vibrio cholerae. The receptor can detect a peptide derived from the Cholera toxin (CTx). Additionally, there is a reservoir of biochemical and mutational data of the yeast Ste2 and Ste3 receptor in the literature.^(35-37,39,40,43) The same strategy can be used for detection of other fungal, viral or bacterial analytes described below.

GPCRs constitute a large class of cell-surface receptors that can be activated by a variety of other ligands, e.g., full proteins, small molecules (e.g., nucleotides and lipids), or light. A variety of these non-peptide sensing receptors have been functionally expressed in yeast.⁴⁴ These receptors can be employed and engineered into the biosensor to sense analytes other than peptides, e.g., small molecules, proteins or heavy metals.

Non-limiting examples of DNA encoding certain GPCRs of the invention are set forth in Tables 2 and 6 below; the invention further provides for proteins encoded by said DNA sequences.

5.4. Detection Events

Being of the analyte to the receptor triggers a detection event that is indicative of the presence of the agent. The detection events include, but are not limited to, appearance of a reporter (including expression (increased or decreased expression) of a detectable reporter gene), release of a therapeutic molecule that directly remediates the agent, production of a redox active molecule, and a change in the membrane potential of the sensor cell.

In certain embodiments, the detection event is appearance of a reporter. The reporter can be a result of expression of a reporter gene. A reporter can include an enzyme that can produce chromogenic product on a substrate. In certain embodiments, the detection event is increased expression of a reporter gene.

In certain embodiments, the reporter is a laboratory reporter. A “laboratory reporter” means a reporter that cannot be detected by the naked eye (e.g., the change or appearance of the color cannot be detected by the naked eye), and/or a reporter whose detection requires instrumentation. Suitable laboratory reporters include, but are not limited to, bioluminescent, fluorescent, and certain chromogenic reporters. Bioluminescent reporters include, but are not limited to, luciferase. Fluorescent reporters include, but are not limited to, various fluorescent proteins (e.g., a green fluorescent protein, a red fluorescent protein, a yellow fluorescent protein, a blue fluorescent protein). Non-laboratory chromogenic reporters include, but are not limited to, beta-galactosidase, beta-glucoronidase, and horse-radish peroxidase. In certain embodiments, the reporter is a fluorescent protein.

In certain embodiments, the reporter does not comprise a laboratory reporter. In certain embodiments, the reporter is a non-laboratory reporter. A “non-laboratory reporter” means a reporter that can be detected by the naked eye (e.g., the change or appearance of the color can be detected by the naked eye), and/or whose detection does not require instrumentation (e.g., reporters that are not conventionally used as research tools). Non-laboratory reporters include, but are not limited to, enzymes in the biosynthetic pathways of pigments (biosynthesized pigments that absorb in the visible light spectrum, also referred to as “biosynthesized visible-light pigments”), electrochemical, and reporters which constitute release of one or more therapeutic molecule. Certain chromogenic reporters are non-laboratory reporters, e.g., lycopene.

Biosynthesized visible-light pigments include, but are not limited to, terpenoids, carotenoids, lycopene, violacein and its precursors, melanin, and indigo. In certain embodiments, the reporter is a terpenoid. In certain embodiments, the reporter is a carotenoid. In certain embodiments, the reporter is lycopene. In certain embodiments, the receptor does not comprise a fluorescent protein.

Binding of analyte can induce or alternatively repress reporter gene expression. In the absence of an analyte, there may be essentially no reporter gene expression, reporter gene expression may occur at an undetectable level (e.g., undetectable by the naked eye), or reporter gene expression may occur at a baseline level that detectably increases upon analyte binding.

Violacein and deoxyviolacein are blue pigments isolated from several bacteria. [Sánchez (2006)]. Heterologous expression of the involved genes vioABCDE and optimization of production yields has been shown in E. coli and S. cerevisiae. [Lee (2013)].

Melanin is a black diffusible macromolecule whose overproduction has been achieved from L-tyrosine as precursor by heterologous co-expression of a tyrosinase in E. coli [Santos (2008)].

Production of the blue pigment bio-indigo from tryptophan as a precursor using a bacterial flavin-containing monooxygenase from the methylotrophic bacteria Methylophaga aminisulfidivorans has been achieved and optimized in E. coli [Hwan Han (2008)].

Carotenoids are a class of terpenoids composed of 8 isoprene units totaling 40 carbon atoms. Lycopene is a specific naturally produced carotenoid pigment whose heterologous expression in E. coli using the genes CrtE, CrtB and CrtI has been extensively studied.⁴⁵ If lycopene is used as a reporter, a presently disclosed sensor cell can be engineered to contain the genes required for synthesis and at least one of said genes can be the detectable reporter gene coupled to activation by peptide receptor binding (e.g., at least a portion of the Fusl promoter). As a non-limiting example, the gene coupled may be CrtI, CrtE or CrtB.

Lycopene can be visualized by the naked eye, is widely validated in yeast metabolic engineering, and is non-toxic. Lycopene is the first intermediate in carotenoid biosynthesis that has a sufficiently conjugated π-system to absorb in the visible region.⁴⁶ Thus, unlike standard laboratory reporters like lacZ that require exogenously added caged dyes (X-gal) or fluorescent proteins that require specialized equipment (fluorimeter), lycopene can be directly observed by a non-technical person. Additionally, the biosynthesis of lycopene from endogenous yeast farnesyl pyrophosphate is well established in yeast, requiring only three heterologous genes (FIG. 1).⁴⁷

Use of a biosynthesized visible-light pigment as a simple visual readout has a number of advantages. Use of a biosynthesized visible-light pigment readout requires no complex equipment since it can be seen by the naked eye and requires no expensive externally added reagent, since it can be biosynthesized from endogenous substrates. In contrast, most whole-cell biosensors reported in the literature use laboratory readouts such as fluorescent proteins, lacZ, or luciferase, which require the use of expensive equipment, externally added chromogenic reagents or both.⁴⁸⁻⁵¹

In certain embodiments, lycopene is modified to achieve better response times, signal-to-noise and robustness. For example, in certain embodiments, one or more alternate pheromone-responsive promoter is used.⁵² In certain embodiments, one or more synthetic Fus1-like promoter is used.⁵³ In certain embodiments, one or more variant of the transcription factor Ste12 is used.⁵⁴ In certain embodiments, one or more enhancement to the pheromone response pathway is made.⁵⁵⁻⁵⁸ In certain embodiments, one or more variant of the Crt genes including homologues is used.⁵⁹ In certain embodiments, one or more codon optimized version and engineered version with enhanced activity or activation modality is used.

Additional biosynthesized visible-light pigments include mutants of CrtI disclosed in Schmidt-Dannert, C., Umeno, D. & Arnold, F. H. Molecular breeding of carotenoid biosynthetic pathways. Nat Biotech 18, 750-753 (2000), biosynthetic enzymes that generate alternate carotenoid pigments disclosed in Umeno, D. & Arnold, F. H. Evolution of a Pathway to Novel Long-Chain Carotenoids. J. Bacteriol. 186, 1531-1536 (2004), and lycopene enzymes from alternate organism disclosed in Verwaal, R. et al. High-Level Production of Beta-Carotene in Saccharomyces cerevisiae by Successive Transformation with Carotenogenic Genes from Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 73, 4342-4350 (2007).

A presently disclosed sensor cell may also report in a non-measurable, non-visible way by releasing a therapeutic molecule that directly remediates the detected agent. In general, microbial cells have been used to produce therapeutic molecules such as peptides, proteins and other bioactive small-molecules. [Bourbonnais (1988); Miyajima (1985); Ro (2006)]. Similar to the generation of lycopene, a presently disclosed sensor cell can be coupled to the biosynthesis and secretion of such therapeutic molecule.

In certain embodiments, the detection event is release of a therapeutically relevant molecule, which can be reported through an electronic device. Interfacing to an electronic device can allow reporting to occur much more rapidly and produce a quantitative result. Additionally or alternatively, the release of a therapeutic molecule can be used to directly remediate the agent detected by a presently disclosed sensor cell.

In certain embodiments, the detection event is production of a redox active molecule. Others have in general coupled whole cells electrochemically to electrodes. This is usually done by mixing the cells with a redox-active molecule (a mediator) that couples a redox-active enzymatic process within the cell to a redox reaction on the electrode surface. [Su (2011); Eilam (1982); Garjonyte (2009)].

In certain embodiments, the production or release of a redox active molecule is detected by a redox reaction on an electrode. The redox active molecule can be biosynthesized in an analogous way as lycopene, e.g., by introducing the relevant biosynthetic enzymes into a presently disclosed sensor cell. Similarly, the production of this redox active molecule can be triggered by coupling one of the relevant biosynthetic enzymes to the pheromone signaling pathway. In certain embodiments, the redox active molecule is phenazine. The relevant biosynthetic enzymes are known [Mavrodi (2001)], and their secretion from a bacteria has been measured through the use of an electronic device [Bellin (2014)].

In certain embodiments, the detection event is a change in the membrane potential of the sensor cell. Electronic device that can measure changes in the membrane potential of cells are very common in neuroscience (e.g., multi electrode arrays). [Spira (2013)]. Such a device can be used to measure changes in membrane potential in our biosensor. In certain embodiments, the, a change in the membrane potential of the sensor cell is expression of a cAMP-activated ion channel in the sensor cell (e.g., a yeast cell). This type of channel has been shown to be functional in yeast. [Ali (2006)]

Signal amplification: In order to improve the robustness of the reporter signal, quorum sensing signal amplification strategy can be used. Specifically, binding of analyte not only induces expression of visible reporter gene but also induces the expression of enzymes responsible for synthesis of quorum sensing molecules in yeast, or alternative GPCR ligands such as α-factor or alpha-factor. Thus, enhanced sensitivity can be achieved by signal amplification using a positive feedback loop. Signal amplification in this form naturally exists in S. cerevisiae and other fungi using the same GPCRs described below such as Ste2

5.5. Analytes

Suitable analytes can be any ligand which is capable of binding to a receptor, where such binding triggers a detection event that is indicative of the presence of the agent, including triggering a cellular response by the sensor receptor. Suitable analytes include, but are not limited to, proteins, polypeptides (including amino acid polymers), and peptides. “Protein” generally refers to molecules having a particular defined 3-dimensional (3D) structure, whereas “polypeptide” refers to any polymers of amino acids, regardless of length, sequence, structure, and function. “Peptide” is generally reserved for a short oligomer that often but not necessarily lacks a stable conformation. [Creighton Proteins: Structures and Molecular Properties 2^(nd) Edition, ISBN-10: 071677030X]. Proteins can be longer than 50 amino acid residues and peptides can be between 3 and 50 amino acid residues or longer.

In certain embodiments, an analyte is a peptide epitope. As used herein, the term a “peptide epitope” refers to a sub-region of amino acids within a larger polypeptide or protein. A peptide epitope can be composed of about 3-50 residues that are either continuous within the larger polypeptide or protein, or can also be a group of 3-50 residues that are discontinuous in the primary sequence of the larger polypeptide or protein but that are spatially near in three-dimensional space. The recognized peptide epitope can stretch over the complete length of the polypeptide or protein, the peptide epitope can be part of a peptide, the peptide epitope can be part of a full protein and can be released from that protein by proteolytic treatment or can remain part of the protein molecule.

Some sensor cells (e.g., yeast cells, e.g. S. cerevisiae or Candida albicans) are surrounded by a thick cell wall, which can cause a permeability barrier to large molecules. The permeability of the S. cerevisiae cell wall was shown to be strongly growth phase-dependent, being most porous and plastic during exponential phase. [Nobel et al. (1991)]. The cell wall was shown to be permeable to molecules of a hydrodynamic radius of 5.8 nm, corresponding to a globular protein of 400 kDa. [Nobel (1990)]. Similar sized proteins are functionally secreted from yeast cells like S. cerevisiae, C. albicans, C. glabrata by passaging the cell wall [Nobel (1991)]. Therefore, polypeptides or proteins of up to at least 400 kDa may be accessible to the cell surface receptor as analytes. However, proteins or polypeptides beyond this range can also be detected. In certain embodiments, proteolysis are used to fragment the polypeptide or protein to release smaller polypeptides that can serve as the analyte and be accessible to the cell surface receptors.

The analytes can be natural, engineered or synthetic analytes. Virtually any peptide and modified peptide can be assayed using the composition and methods of this invention, including secreted peptides or fragments of proteins which may be released from the protein by a protease. Proteolysis can be induced by one or more host-specific proteases and/or by addition to a given sample of sequence-specific proteases such as trypsin, chymotrypsin, Gluc, and LysN. Modifications of peptides include but are not limited to post-translational farnesylation, glycosylation, deamination, and proteolytic processing.

In certain embodiments, the peptide is a fungal mating pheromone, e.g., a peptide specific to a fungal pathogen. Non-limiting examples of fungal mating pheromones include human fungal mating pheromones (meaning mating pheromones of fungi that can colonize or infect humans), non-human fungal mating pheromones (meaning mating pheromones of fungi that colonize or infect a non-human animal), plant fungal mating pheromones (meaning mating pheromones of fungi that colonize or infect a plant), food fungal mating pheromones (e.g., food safety/spoilage) (meaning mating pheromones of fungi that colonize or infect human or non-human animal food items), and industrial/model fungal mating pheromones. In certain embodiments, the industrial/model fungal mating pheromones are fungi species that are used for making food (e.g., fermentation of alcohol). In certain embodiments, the industrial/model fungal mating pheromones are fungi species that are used for industrial microbiology, e.g., production of drugs, or pesticides in agriculture. In certain embodiments, the industrial/model fungal mating pheromones are fungi species that are used for academic research.

Non-limiting examples of human fungal mating pheromones include the mating pheromones of C. albicans, C. glabrata, P. brasiliensis, L. elongisporous, P. rubens, C. guillermondi, C. tropicalis, C. parapsilosis, C. lusitaniae, S. scheckii. and Candida krusei.

Non-limiting examples of non-human animal fungal mating pheromones include the mating pheromone of P. destructans.

Non-limiting examples of plant fungal mating pheromones include the mating pheromones of F. graminearum, M. oryzea, B. cinerea, G. candidum, and C. purpurea.

Non-limiting exmaples of food fungal mating pheromones include the mating pheromones of Zygosaccharomyces bailii, Zygosaccharomyces rouxii, and N. fischeri.

Non-limiting exmaples of industrial/model fungal mating pheromones include the mating pheromones of S. cerevisiae, K. lactis, S. pombe, V. polyspora (receptor 1), V. polyspora (receptor 2), S. stipitis, S. japonicas, S. castellii, and S. octosporus, A. oryzae, T. melanosporum, D. haptotyla, C. tenuis, Y. lipolytica, T. delbrueckii, B. bassiana, K. pastoris, A. nidulans, N. crassa, and H. jecorina.

In certain embodiments, the peptide is a peptide disclosed in Table 5.

In certain embodiments, the physicochemical properties, e.g., peptide length, overall charge, charge distribution and hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity, of a peptide are determined by using the program ProtParam on the Expasy server [Walker (2005) ISBN 978-1-59259-890-8]. In certain embodiments, the peptide has a length of 3 residues or more, a length of 4 residues or more, a length of 5 residues or more, 6 residues or more, 7, residues or more, 8 residues or more, 9 residues or more, 10 residues or more, 11 residues or more, 12 residues or more, 13 residues or more, 14 residues or more, 15 residues or more, 16 residues or more, 17 residues or more, 18 residues or more, 19 residues or more, 20 residues or more, 21 residues or more, 22 residues or more, 23 residues or more, 24 residues or more, 25 residues or more, 26 residues or more, 27 residues or more, 28 residues or more, 29 residues or more, 30 residues or more, 31 residues or more, 32 residues or more, 33 residues or more, 34 residues or more, 35 residues or more, 36 residues or more, 37 residues or more, 38 residues or more, 39 residues or more, 40 residues or more, 41 residues or more, 42 residues or more, 43 residues or more, 44 residues or more, 45 residues or more, 46 residues or more, 47 residues or more, 48 residues or more, 49 residues or more, or 50 residues or more. In certain embodiments, the peptide has a length of 3-50 residues, 5-50 residues, 3-45 residues, 5-45 residues, 3-40 residues, 5-40 residues, 3-35 residues, 5-35 residues, 3-30 residues, 5-30 residues, 3-25 residues, 5-25 residues, 3-20 residues, 5-20 residues, 3-15 residues, 5-15 residues, 3-10 residues, 3-10 residues, 5-10 residues, 10-15 residues, 15-20 residues, 20-25 residues, 25-30 residues, 30-35 residues, 35-40 residues, 40-45 residues, or 45-50 residues. In certain embodiments, the peptide has a length of 9-25 residues. In certain embodiments, the peptide has a length of 9-23 residues. In one non-limiting embodiments, the peptide has a length of 9 residues. In one non-limiting embodiments, the peptide has a length of 10 residues. In one non-limiting embodiments, the peptide has a length of 11 residues. In one non-limiting embodiments, the peptide has a length of 12 residues. In one non-limiting embodiments, the peptide has a length of 13 residues. In one non-limiting embodiments, the peptide has a length of 14 residues. In one non-limiting embodiments, the peptide has a length of 15 residues. In one non-limiting embodiments, the peptide has a length of 16 residues. In one non-limiting embodiments, the peptide has a length of 17 residues. In one non-limiting embodiments, the peptide has a length of 18 residues. In one non-limiting embodiments, the peptide has a length of 19 residues. In one non-limiting embodiments, the peptide has a length of 20 residues. In one non-limiting embodiments, the peptide has a length of 21 residues. In one non-limiting embodiments, the peptide has a length of 22 residues. In one non-limiting embodiments, the peptide has a length of 23 residues.

In certain embodiments, the peptide is hydrophobic. In certain embodiments, the peptide is mildly hydrophilic.

In certain embodiments, the peptide is a S. cerevisiae pheromone alpha-factor. The C-terminus of the S. cerevisiae pheromone alpha-factor is involved in binding to the receptor. The N-terminus of the S. cerevisiae pheromone alpha-factor contributes to signaling due to receptor activation.

Non-limiting examples of classes of peptide analytes include the following.

5.5.1. Peptides as Analytes in Diseases

5.5.1.1. Peptides in Fungal Infections

Suitable analyte peptides associated with fungal infections include, but are not limited to, a peptide from Aspergillus (e.g., Aspergillus niger), Candida (e.g., C. albicans or C. glabrata), Cryptococcus (e.g., Cryptococcus neoformans or Cryptococcus gattii), Histoplasma (e.g., Histoplasma capsulatum), Pneumocystis (e.g., Pneumocystis jirovecii), or Stachybotrys (e.g., Stachybotrys chartarum).

In certain embodiments, the agent-specific peptide is a peptide pheromone produced by a pathogenic fungus or a proteolytic product from a pathogenic fungus.

5.5.1.2. Peptides in Bacterial Infections

Suitable analyte peptides associated with bacterial infections include, but are not limited to, a peptide from V. cholera (e.g., Cholera toxin), Staphylococcus aureus (e.g., staphylococcal auto-inducing peptide or portion of beta toxin), and Salmonella spec. (e.g., Salmonella Exotoxins). In certain embodiments, an agent-specific analyte is a peptide derived from the cholera toxin or a proteolytic product from cholera. The proteolytic product from cholera can be generated by a host-specific protease and/or by an exogenous protease. In certain embodiments, an agent-specific analyte is a small molecule secreted or derived from Vibrio cholera. In certain embodiments, an agent-specific peptide is Vibrio cholerae specific or at least specific to a small group of bacteria including Vibrio cholerae (for example a group of up to 10 known species or up to 5 known species).

In certain embodiments, the peptide derived from the cholera toxin is selected from the group consisting of the peptides disclosed in Table 7.

In certain embodiments, the peptide associated with V. cholera is selected from the group consisting of a peptide having an amino acid sequence set forth in VEVPGSQHIDSQKKA (SEQ ID NO: 26), a peptide having an amino acid sequence that is at least about 80% (e.g., at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 98%, or at least about 99%) homologous to SEQ ID NO: 26, a peptide having an amino acid sequence set forth in VPGSQHIDS (SEQ ID NO: 27), and a peptide having an amino acid sequence that is at least 80% (e.g., at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 98%, or at least about 99%) homologous to SEQ ID NO: 27.

5.5.1.3. Peptides in Viral Infections

Suitable analyte peptides associated with viral infections include, but are not limited to, a peptide from Ebola virus (e.g., secreted glycoprotein), Influenza virus (e.g., Hemagglutinin), or HIV (e.g., HIV glycoprotein)

5.5.1.4. Peptides in Non-Infectious Disease

Patterns of peptide biomarkers unique for certain cancer types have been identified by mass spectrometry.⁶⁰⁻⁶³ Suitable analyte peptides associated with cancer include, but are not limited to, protein portions released from human endogenous proteins by tumor-specific exopeptidases or antibody-derived peptide biomarkers for well characterized disease states.

Peptide or protein biomarkers have been identified in other diseases, e.g., Alzheimers,⁶⁴ Parkinson,⁶⁵ or different kidney diseases.⁶⁶ Such peptides and proteins may also function as analytes.

5.5.2. Peptides as Analytes in Food Safety

5.5.2.1. Toxins

Suitable analyte peptides associated with food toxins include, but are not limited to, a peptide from Clostridium botulinum (e.g., Botulinum toxin), Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) (e.g., Shiga toxin), and Shigella dysenteriae (e.g., Verotoxin).

5.5.2.2. Immunogens and Allergens

Suitable analyte peptides associated with food immunogens and allergens include, but are not limited to, immunogenic wheat peptide (e.g., gluten).

5.5.3. Peptides in Plant & Crop Infections

Suitable analyte peptides associated with plant and crop infections include, but are not limited to, a peptide of Fusarium graminearum, Botrytis cinerea, Magnaporthe oryzae, and Geotrichum candidum.

5.5.4. Peptides in Bioterrorism

Suitable analyte peptides associated with bioterrorism include, but are not limited to, peptides of Bacillus anthracis (anthrax), e.g., one of three polypeptides that comprise the anthrax toxin secreted by the pathogen: protective antigen (PA), lethal factor (LF) and edema factor (EF),⁶⁷ or Clostridium botulinum (botulism), e.g., Botulinum neurotoxin peptides such as the cyclic peptide C11-019.⁶⁸

5.5.5. Other Analytes

Non-peptide analytes can include, but are not limited to, quorum sensing small molecules such as the Vibrio Cholera CAI-1,⁶⁹ inter-species bacterial quorum sensing AL-2,⁷⁰ aflatoxin B1 produced by Aspergillus flavus, components of the bacterial LPS, or heavy metals contaminants such as cadmium, mercury, lead or arsenic.

5.6. Methods of Use

The present invention provides for a method of detecting the presence of an agent of interest in a sample using the sensor cell disclosed herein. In certain embodiments, the method comprises contacting the sample with a sensor cell (e.g., a yeast sensor cell) comprising (e.g., bearing) a receptor (e.g., a non-native GPCR receptor) that binds to an analyte indicative of the presence of the agent, wherein binding of the analyte to the receptor triggers a detection event that is indicative of the presence of the agent (e.g., increased expression of a reporter gene).

In certain embodiments, the receptor is coupled to the reporter gene. The method further comprises culturing the sensor cell for an effective period of time; and determining expression of the reporter gene. In certain embodiments, determining whether expression of the reporter gene comprises detecting the expression of the reporter gene by the naked eye and does not require instrumentation. In certain non-limiting embodiments, the reporter is lycopene.

In certain embodiments, the detection event is release of a therapeutic molecule that directly remediates the agent.

In certain embodiments, the detection event is production of a redox active molecule. The method further comprises measuring the production of the redox active molecule. In certain embodiments, measuring the production of the redox active molecule comprises an electronic device. The redox active molecule can be phenazine.

In certain embodiments, the detection event is a change in the membrane potential of the sensor cell. The change in the membrane potential of the sensor cell comprises expression of a cAMP-activated ion channel in the sensor cell.

The particulars of the receptor, coupling, and reporter gene are described in the sections above.

The method for determining whether the reporter gene is or has been expressed depends upon the particular reporting gene used. If the reporter gene produces a visibly detectable product, such as lycopene, it can be detected with the naked eye or colorimetrically. Means of detection of reporter genes known in the art can be used.

In certain non-limiting embodiments, the receptor is a G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) engineered to bind to the analyte.

By way of non-limiting example, a method of detecting the presence of Vibrio cholerae in a water sample can include detecting the presence of a peptide associated with Vibrio cholerae in the water sample by a method comprising:

contacting the water sample with a sensor yeast cell bearing a GPCR polypeptide that binds to the analyte coupled to a CrtI gene such that when the peptide binds to the receptor, expression of the CrtI gene is induced and lycopene is produced;

culturing the sensor yeast cell for an effective period of time; and

determining whether lycopene has been produced.

The analyte associated with Vibrio cholerae can be a peptide having at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 98%, or at least about 99% homologous to VEVPGSQHIDSQKKA (SEQ ID NO: 26) or VPGSQHIDS (SEQ ID NO: 27). The effective period of time can be hours (e.g., about 24 hours, about 18 hours, about 12 hours, about 8 hours, about 6 hours, about 4 hours, about 3 hours, or about 2 hours) or minutes (e.g., about 90 minutes, about 60 minutes, about 45 minutes, about 30 minutes, about 20 minutes, about 15 minutes, about 10 minutes, about 5 minutes, about 3 minutes, about 2 minutes, or about 1 minute).

In certain non-limiting embodiments, the present invention provides for a method of detecting the presence of a fungus or a fungal pathogen, comprising detecting the presence of an analyte associated with said fungus or a fungal pathogen in a sample by a method comprising:

contacting the sample with a sensor cell comprising (e.g., bearing) a receptor that binds to the analyte coupled to a reporter gene such that when the analyte binds to the receptor, expression of a detectable reporter gene is induced;

culturing the sensor cell for an effective period of time; and

determining whether the reporter gene is expressed. In certain non-limiting embodiments, the receptor is a G-protein coupled yeast receptor engineered to bind to the analyte. In certain non-limiting embodiments, the reporter gene expression is detected by the naked eye and does not require instrumentation. In certain non-limiting embodiments, the reporter gene product is lycopene.

In certain embodiments, the sensor cell is a freeze-dried or other dried cell, e.g., a freeze-dried yeast cell. The cell can be activated for use by addition of a food source, e.g., sugar or agar.

Non-limiting examples of samples can include a water sample and a sample of body fluid. Non-limiting examples of water samples include fresh water, sea water, and sewage samples. Non-limiting examples of body fluid samples include intestinal fluids, diarrhea or other feces, mucus (e.g., sputum), blood, cerebrospinal fluid, lymph, pus, saliva, vomit, urine, bile, and sweat. In certain embodiments, the agent to be detected is a plant fungal pathogen. A plant can be shaken in water to provide a water sample containing the fungal pathogen, or a soil sample can be mixed with water and tested for the fungal pathogen, or a portion of plant material (e.g., a fluid obtained from the plant) can be used as a sample.

5.7. Kits

The present invention provides kits for detecting the presence of an agent of interest, for example but not limited to a chemical or a pathogen, as described above. Kits can include one or more sensor cells, as described above, and can be used to perform methods of detecting the presence of an agent, as described above. Kits can further include one or more controls. Kits can include both a positive and a negative control. Kits can include a substrate that comprises the sensor cells and on which or in which detection can occur, e.g., a dish, cup, bowl, plate, paper, chip, gel, bag, stick, syringe, jar, or bottle. Kits can include a food or nutrient source, e.g., sugar or agar. Kits can include components to improve cell viability, including one or more carbon sources, one or more nitrogen sources, one or more trace nutrient sources, and one or more additional nutrient sources to improve response speed. Kits can include additional assay components, including proteases to release target peptides, dyes, filters, and/or cryo-protectants. Kits can be produced by combining all required assay components (e.g., nutrients, sensor cells, and proteases) and freeze-drying, air-drying, or binding this component mix to a substrate. In certain embodiments, the kit comprises a protease (e.g., a protease from prokaryote sources or a protease from eukaryote sources) for digestion of the agent into smaller detectable peptides.

FIG. 14A represents a kit (“Yeast Block”) in accordance with one non-limiting embodiments. As shown in FIG. 14A, the kit comprises a yeast cell, a piece of paper, a negative control, and a nutrient source.

5.7.1 Dipstick Embodiments

In particular non-limiting embodiments, the invention provides for a kit comprising biosensor cells on a solid support comprised in a dipstick configuration. The solid support may be any natural and/or synthetic material, including but not limited to glass fiber, cellulose, quartz fiber, cellulose fiber, polytetrafluoroethylene, cotton, rayon, viscose, etc. In non-limiting examples, the support material may be configured such that the biosensor cells may be applied by filtration; for example, biosensor cells may be applied, by filtration, to a filter paper or disk, and then at least a portion of that paper or disk (e.g. a section of the filter paper or disk) may be incorporated into a dipstick configuration. Alternatively, the biosensor cells may be applied by direct application, for example, applying a volume of liquid culture. The solid support may be affixed, prior to or after (or concurrently with) application of biosensor cells, to a support strip to create a dipstick having a proximal end that may be directly or indirectly held by the user and a distal end bearing the solid support and biosensor cells, permitting dipping the biosensor into a sample to be tested. In certain embodiments, the support strip has liquid wicking activity (e.g., absorbent paper or other material). The proximal end of the dipstick may optionally fit into a holder (to form a dipstick device) that facilitates gripping the dipstick device. In certain non-limiting embodiments, the dipstick comprises a solid support having at least a portion of its surface bearing an amount of biosensor cells sufficient to generate detectable signal after contacting an analyte of interest, and optionally a portion bearing an amount of a negative control (e.g. cells that would not generate detectable signal after contact with the analyte of interest). In certain non-limiting embodiments, the dipstick comprises a solid support having at least several portions of its surface (e,g., an array) each bearing distinct biosensor cells with each type of biosensor cells present in an amount sufficient to generate detectable signal after contacting its corresponding analyte or analytes of interest. In certain non-limiting embodiments, the amount of biosensor is at least between about 1×10⁶ and 5×10⁸ cells, or between about 1×10⁷ and 1×10⁸ cells. Cells may be applied to the support, for example, by vacuum filtration. After application of biosensor to solid support, the composition may optionally be allowed to dry for at least about 20 minutes. The present invention provides for a kit comprising one or more dipstick, and optionally comprising one or more holder; in a particular embodiment, the kit comprises 1-3 holders, or one holder, and at least 3 or at least 5 or at least 10 dipsticks for testing for the same or different analytes. In certain non-limiting embodiments, a method is provided in which the dipstick described above may be used to detect an analyte of interest or an array of analytes of interest by dipping its distal end, bearing the biosensor cells and/or the negative control cells and/or the array of distinct biosensor cell types, into a sample such that the biosensor cells and/or the negative control cells and/or the array of distinct biosensor cell types contact the sample, and then incubating the dipstick at a temperature that is at least about 20° C., preferably greater than 20° C., and preferably greater than 25° C., for a period of time that allows signal to develop, for example, but not limited to, at least about 1 hour, at least about 3 hours, at least about 5 hours, at least about 7 hours, at least about 10 hours, at least about 12 hours or at least 15 hours. In certain situations, it may be desirable to add liquid (e.g. water, saline, or a medium that allows or promotes growth of biosensor cells) to a sample prior to testing; for example, where the biosensor is a yeast, a sample may be diluted with yeast growth medium. In certain exemplary non-limiting embodiments, urine or serum may be diluted 1:1 with yeast growth medium, and blood may be diluted about 2:98 with yeast growth medium. A solid sample, such as soil or stool, may be suspended in yeast growth medium prior to testing. In certain non-limiting embodiments, a kit is provided comprising at least one dipstick as described above, optionally a dipstick holder, and either liquid nutrient medium or powdered medium that can be reconstituted, by addition of water or other liquid, to form a liquid nutrient medium for growth of biosensor cells. In certain non-limiting embodiments, a kit is provided comprising at least one dipstick as described above, optionally a dipstick holder, and either liquid yeast nutrient medium or powdered medium that can be reconstituted, by addition of water or other liquid, to form a liquid yeast nutrient medium for growth of yeast biosensor cells, as described above.

6. EXAMPLES 6.1. Example 1: Yeast Strains that Produce Lycopene in Response to Activation of the Endogenous GPCR Ste2

A yeast strain producing lycopene in response to the activation of the endogenous GPCR, Ste2 was generated by the natural S. cerevisiae peptide pheromone, α-Factor (αF). A parental reporter strain was made by deleting the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor Far1 to prevent cell-cycle arrest and deleted the G-protein activating protein Sst2 to prevent signal attenuation. For general procedures, see Pausch, M. H. G-protein-coupled receptors in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: high-throughput screening assays for drug discovery. Trends Biotechnol. 15, 487-494 (1997). Then, the carotenoid genes derived from E. herbicola, CrtE, and CrtB were placed under the control of the constitutive promoters pTef1 and pPgk1, respectively. The final biosynthetic gene CrtI was placed under control of the Fus1 promoter, a downstream target of the pheromone response pathway. See Bardwell, L. A walk-through of the yeast mating pheromone response pathway. Peptides 26, 339-350 (2005). This lycopene reporter cassette was introduced into the parental reporter strain through Reiterative Recombination. See Wingler, L. M. & Cornish, V. W. Reiterative Recombination for the in vivo assembly of libraries of multigene pathways. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 108, 15135-15140 (2011). This v1.0 reporter strain became visibly orange 36 hours after exposure to αF, as shown in FIG. 4A.

Through modification of the v1.0 strain, a lycopene response time of 2 hours under optimal culture conditions and less than 6 hours in a stringent product prototype assay was observed. To do so, the CrtI amount was increased with an additional chromosomal copy of the pFus1-CrtI construct. This led to a 9.8-fold improvement in response time. The catalytic activity of CrtI was improved by increasing FAD content in the cell through the overexpression of the FAD synthetase FAD1. See Schaub, P. et al. On the Structure and Function of the Phytoene Desaturase CRTI from Pantoea ananatis, a Membrane-Peripheral and FAD-Dependent Oxidase/Isomerase. PLoS ONE 7, e39550 (2012); Wu, M., Repetto, B., Glerum, D. M. & Tzagoloff, A. Cloning and characterization of FAD1, the structural gene for flavin adenine dinucleotide synthetase of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol. Cell. Biol. 15, 264-271 (1995). This modification independently led to a 10.3-fold improvement in the response time, and to a 21.1-fold improvement when combined with the increased CrtI copy number. These results are shown in FIG. 4B.

TABLE 1 Key genes and sequences. Key Genes Nucleotide Sequence E. ATGAAGAAAACCGTAGTGATTGGTGCAGGTTTTG herbicola GTGGTTTAGCTTTGGCTATACGTCTACAAGCTGC CrtI AGGTATTCCTACAGTGCTATTGGAGCAAAGAGAC AAACCAGGAGGAAGAGCTTATGTTTGGCACGATC AAGGCTTTACCTTTGATGCTGGTCCTACAGTCAT CACTGATCCTACTGCATTGGAAGCTTTGTTCACC TTAGCTGGTAGAAGAATGGAAGATTATGTCCGTC TATTGCCTGTCAAGCCGTTTTACAGATTGTGTTG GGAATCTGGTAAAACCCTAGATTACGCCAATGAC AGTGCTGAACTAGAAGCTCAGATTACGCAGTTTA ATCCCAGAGATGTCGAAGGTTACAGGAGATTCCT TGCCTATTCCCAAGCTGTTTTCCAAGAGGGTTAT CTTCGTTTGGGTTCAGTTCCATTCCTGTCCTTTA GGGATATGCTTAGAGCAGGTCCTCAGTTGTTGAA GCTACAAGCATGGCAAAGTGTGTATCAGTCTGTT TCGAGATTTATCGAGGATGAACATCTGAGACAAG CATTCTCATTCCACAGTCTTCTAGTTGGAGGTAA TCCCTTTACCACATCGAGCATATATACGTTGATT CACGCTTTGGAAAGAGAATGGGGAGTTTGGTTTC CTGAAGGTGGAACAGGTGCTTTGGTTAATGGTAT GGTGAAGCTATTCACGGATTTGGGTGGAGAAATA GAGCTGAATGCAAGAGTGGAAGAACTTGTTGTAG CAGACAACAGAGTCTCACAAGTTAGACTTGCTGA TGGTAGGATCTTCGATACAGATGCTGTAGCTTCA AACGCAGATGTAGTGAACACTTATAAAAAGTTGT TGGGACATCATCCTGTTGGACAAAAGAGAGCAGC TGCTTTGGAGAGGAAATCTATGAGCAACTCGTTG TTTGTCCTTTACTTTGGGCTGAATCAACCACACT CACAACTAGCTCATCACACAATCTGCTTTGGTCC TAGATACAGAGAGCTGATAGATGAAATTTTCACT GGATCTGCTTTAGCAGACGATTTTTCCCTGTACT TGCATTCACCATGTGTTACTGATCCCTCTTTAGC ACCACCTGGTTGTGCTAGCTTCTATGTACTAGCA CCTGTACCACATTTGGGTAATGCTCCATTAGATT GGGCACAAGAAGGACCGAAATTGAGGGATAGGAT CTTCGACTATTTGGAAGAACGTTACATGCCAGGT TTGAGATCTCAGTTGGTTACACAGAGGATATTCA CACCAGCTGATTTTCATGATACTCTAGATGCGCA TTTAGGTAGCGCTTTTTCCATTGAGCCACTTTTG ACGCAAAGTGCTTGGTTTAGACCACACAACAGAG ATTCTGACATTGCCAATCTGTACCTAGTAGGTGC AGGAACTCATCCAGGAGCTGGTATTCCTGGAGTT GTAGCTTCTGCTAAAGCTACTGCTAGTCTGATGA TCGAGGATTTGCAGTAA (SEQ ID NO: 1) E. ATGGTTTCTGGTTCGAAAGCAGGAGTATCACCTC herbicola ATAGGGAAATCGAAGTCATGAGACAGTCCATTGA CrtE TGACCACTTAGCAGGATTGTTGCCAGAAACAGAT TCCCAGGATATCGTTAGCCTTGCTATGAGAGAAG GTGTTATGGCACCTGGTAAACGTATCAGACCTTT GCTGATGTTACTTGCTGCAAGAGACCTGAGATAT CAGGGTTCTATGCCTACACTACTGGATCTAGCTT GTGCTGTTGAACTGACACATACTGCTTCCTTGAT GCTGGATGACATGCCTTGTATGGACAATGCGGAA CTTAGAAGAGGTCAACCAACAACCCACAAGAAAT TCGGAGAATCTGTTGCCATTTTGGCTTCTGTAGG TCTGTTGTCGAAAGCTTTTGGCTTGATTGCTGCA ACTGGTGATCTTCCAGGTGAAAGGAGAGCACAAG CTGTAAACGAGCTATCTACTGCAGTTGGTGTTCA AGGTCTAGTCTTAGGACAGTTCAGAGATTTGAAT GACGCAGCTTTGGACAGAACTCCTGATGCTATCC TGTCTACGAACCATCTGAAGACTGGCATCTTGTT CTCAGCTATGTTGCAAATCGTAGCCATTGCTTCT GCTTCTTCACCATCTACTAGGGAAACGTTACACG CATTCGCATTGGACTTTGGTCAAGCCTTTCAACT GCTAGACGATTTGAGGGATGATCATCCAGAGACA GGTAAAGACCGTAACAAAGACGCTGGTAAAAGCA CTCTAGTCAACAGATTGGGTGCTGATGCAGCTAG ACAGAAACTGAGAGAGCACATTGACTCTGCTGAC AAACACCTGACATTTGCATGTCCACAAGGAGGTG CTATAAGGCAGTTTATGCACCTATGGTTTGGACA CCATCTTGCTGATTGGTCTCCAGTGATGAAGATC GCCTAA (SEQ ID NO: 2) E. ATGAGTCAACCACCTTTGTTGGATCATGCTACTC herbicola AAACGATGGCTAATGGTTCCAAGTCCTTTGCTAC CrtB AGCAGCTAAACTGTTTGACCCAGCTACTAGAAGA TCAGTGCTTATGCTGTACACTTGGTGTAGACACT GTGATGACGTTATAGATGACCAGACACATGGTTT CGCATCTGAAGCTGCTGCAGAAGAAGAGGCTACT CAGAGATTGGCTAGATTGAGAACGCTTACACTTG CAGCTTTTGAAGGTGCTGAGATGCAAGATCCTGC TTTTGCTGCATTCCAAGAAGTTGCACTAACACAC GGTATTACGCCAAGAATGGCACTTGATCACTTGG ATGGTTTCGCAATGGATGTTGCTCAAACTCGTTA CGTGACCTTTGAAGACACCTTGAGATACTGCTAC CATGTTGCTGGAGTAGTTGGTTTGATGATGGCAA GAGTAATGGGTGTAAGAGACGAAAGGGTTTTGGA CAGAGCTTGTGATCTAGGTTTGGCTTTTCAGCTG ACAAACATCGCGAGAGATATTATCGACGATGCAG CTATTGACAGATGCTATCTACCTGCTGAATGGTT GCAAGATGCTGGTCTAACTCCTGAGAATTACGCT GCAAGAGAGAACAGAGCTGCATTAGCAAGAGTTG CTGAAAGGCTGATAGACGCTGCTGAACCCTATTA CATCTCAAGTCAAGCTGGATTGCATGATCTACCA CCTAGATGTGCTTGGGCTATAGCTACTGCAAGAT CTGTCTACAGAGAGATTGGCATCAAGGTAAAAGC TGCAGGTGGTTCTGCTTGGGATAGACGTCAACAC ACTAGCAAAGGAGAGAAGATTGCGATGCTTATGG CTGCACCAGGACAAGTCATTCGTGCCAAAACAAC CAGAGTTACACCAAGACCTGCTGGTTTATGGCAA AGACCTGTCTAA (SEQ ID NO: 3) S. ATGCAGTTGAGCAAGGCTGCTGAGATGTGTTATG cerevisiae AGATAACAAACTCTTACTTACACATAGACCAGAA Fad1 ATCTCAGATAATAGCAAGTACACAAGAAGCGATA CGGTTGACAAGAAAATACTTACTAAGTGAAATTT TTGTACGTTGGAGTCCACTGAATGGGGAAATATC ATTCTCGTACAACGGAGGAAAAGATTGCCAGGTA TTACTACTGTTATATCTGAGTTGCTTATGGGAAT ATTTCTTCATTAAGGCTCAAAATTCCCAATTCGA TTTCGAGTTTCAAAGCTTCCCCATGCAAAGACTT CCAACTGTTTTCATTGATCAAGAAGAAACTTTCC CTACATTAGAGAATTTTGTACTGGAAACCTCAGA GCGATATTGCCTTTCCTTATACGAATCACAAAGG CAATCTGGTGCATCGGTCAATATGGCAGACGCAT TTAGAGATTTTATAAAGATATACCCTGAGACCGA AGCTATAGTGATAGGTATTAGACACACAGACCCA TTTGGTGAAGCATTAAAGCCTATTCAAAGAACAG ATTCTAACTGGCCTGATTTTATGAGGTTGCAACC TCTCTTACACTGGGACTTAACCAATATATGGAGT TTCTTACTGTATTCTAATGAGCCAATTTGTGGAC TATATGGTAAAGGTTTCACATCAATCGGCGGAAT TAACAACTCATTGCCTAACCCACACTTGAGAAAG GACTCCAATAATCCAGCCTTGCATTTTGAATGGG AAATCATTCATGCATTTGGCAAGGACGCAGAAGG CGAACGTAGTTCCGCTATAAACACGTCACCTATT TCCGTGGTGGATAAGGAAAGATTCAGCAAATACC ATGACAATTACTATCCTGGCTGGTATTTGGTTGA TGACACTTTAGAGAGAGCAGGCAGGATCAAGAAT TAA (SEQ ID NO: 4)

6.2. Example 2: Cloning and Screening of Putative GPCRs Against Putative Cognate Fungal Peptide Hormones

Several putative GPCRs were screened against their putative cognate peptide pheromones using a fluorescent reporter gene.³³ Recognition of pheromones from the following pathogenic fungi was shown in S. cerevisiae:

-   Human pathogens:     -   Candida albicans (functional expression in yeast previously         shown)¹⁷     -   Paracoccidioides brasiliensis (functional expression in yeast         previously shown)¹⁶     -   Candida glabrata -   Plant Pathogens:     -   Fusarium graminearum (grain disease)     -   Magnaporthe oryzea (Rice blast)     -   Botrytis cinerea (Grey mould)

As shown in FIG. 6, these receptors were orthogonal to the endogenous S. cerevisiae pheromone receptor and demonstrated a high level of specificity. Their EC50 values were as follows: C.albicans, 51 nM; P. brasiliensis, 9 nM; F. graminearum, 230 nM; M. oryzea, 5 uM; B. cinerea, <1 nM. Additionally, the GPCR from B. cinerea showed activity against the putative pheromone from Aspergillus flavus and therefore may provide a useful diagnostic against this human pathogen. The results also demonstrated that these receptors succesfully generate lycopene in the disclosed reporter strain.

TABLE 2 Pathogens and associated sequences Amino acid sequence of Amino acid DNA coding sequence of  peptide sequence of corresponding GPCRs that Pathogen analyte used GPCRs used sense peptide analyte Candida GFRLTNF MNINSTFIPDKPGDI ATGAATATCAATTCAACTTTCATACCTGAT albicans GYFEPG IISYSIPGLDQPIQI AAACCAGGCGATATAATTATTAGTTATTCA (SEQ ID PFHSLDSFQTDQAKI ATTCCAGGATTAGATCAACCAATTCAAATT NO: 5) ALVMGITIGSCSMTL CCTTTCCATTCATTAGATTCATTTCAAACC IFLISIMYKTNKLTN GATCAAGCTAAAATAGCTTTAGTCATGGGG LKLKLKLKYILQWIN ATAACTATTGGGAGTTGTTCAATGACATTA QKIFTKKRNDNKQQQ ATTTTTTTGATTTCTATAATGTATAAAACT QQQQQQIESSSYNNT AATAAATTAACAAATTTAAAATTAAAATTA TTTLGGYKLFLFYLN AAATTAAAATATATCTTGCAATGGATAAAT SLILLIGIIRSGCYL CAAAAAATCTTCACCAAAAAAAGGAATGAC NYNLGPLNSLSFVFT AACAAACAACAACAACAACAACAACAACAA GWYDGSSFISSDVTN CAAATTGAATCATCATCATATAACAATACT GFKCILYALVEISLG ACTACTACGCTGGGGGGTTATAAATTATTT FQVYVMFKTSNLKIW TTATTTTATCTTAATTCATTGATTTTATTA GIMASLLSIGLGLIV ATTGGTATTATTCGATCAGGTTGTTATTTA VAFQINLTILSHIRF AATTATAATTTAGGTCCATTAAATTCACTT SRAISTNRSEEESSS AGTTTTGTATTTACTGGTTGGTATGATGGA SLSSDSVGYVINSIW TCATCATTTATATCATCCGATGTAACTAAT MDLPTILFSISINIM GGATTTAAATGTATTTTATATGCTTTAGTG TILLIGKLIIAIRTR GAAATTTCATTAGGTTTCCAAGTTTATGTG RYLGLKQFDSFHILL ATGTTCAAAACTTCAAATTTAAAAATTTGG IGFSQTLIIPSIILV GGGATAATGGCATCATTATTATCAATTGGT VHYFYLSQNKDSLLQ TTAGGATTGATTGTTGTTGCCTTTCAAATC QISLLLIILMLPLSS AATTTAACAATTTTATCTCATATTCGATTT LWAQTANNTHNINSS TCCCGGGCTATATCAACTAACAGAAGTGAA PSLSFISRHHLSDSS GAAGAATCATCATCATCATTATCATCTGAT RSGGSNTIVSNGGSN TCGGTTGGGTATGTGATTAATTCAATATGG GGGGGGGNFPVSGID ATGGATTTACCAACAATATTATTTTCCATT AQLPPDIEKILHEDN AGTATTAATATAATGACAATATTATTGATT NYKLLNSNNESVNDG GGTAAACTTATAATTGCTATTAGAACAAGA DIIINDEGMITKQIT CGTTATTTAGGATTGAAACAATTTGATAGT IKRV TTCCATATTTTATTAATTGGTTTCAGTCAA (SEQ ID NO: 6) ACATTAATTATTCCTTCAATTATTTTGGTG GTTCATTATTTTTATTTATCACAAAATAAA GATTCTTTATTACAACAAATTAGTCTTTTA TTGATTATTTTAATGTTACCATTAAGTTCT TTATGGGCTCAAACTGCTAATAATACTCAT AATATTAATTCATCTCCAAGTTTATCATTC ATATCTCGTCATCATCTGTCTGATAGTAGT CGTAGTGGTGGTTCCAATACAATTGTTAGT AATGGTGGTAGTAATGGTGGTGGTGGTGGT GGTGGGAATTTCCCTGTTTCAGGTATTGAT GCACAATTACCACCTGATATTGAAAAAATC TTACATGAAGATAATAATTATAAATTACTT AATAGTAATAATGAAAGTGTAAATGATGGA GATATTATCATTAATGATGAAGGTATGATT ACTAAACAAATCACCATCAAAAGAGTGTAG (SEQ ID NO: 7) Candida WHWVRLR MEMGYDPRMYNPRNE ATGGAGATGGGCTACGATCCAAGAATGTAT glabrata KGQGLF YLNFTSVYDVNDTIR AATCCAAGAAATGAATACTTGAATTTCACG (SEQ ID FSTLDAIVKGLLRIA TCGGTATATGATGTAAATGACACAATCAGA NO: 8) IVHGVRLGAIFMTLI TTTTCGACTCTGGACGCCATTGTAAAAGGA IMFISSNTWKKPIFI TTGCTTAGAATTGCCATTGTTCATGGAGTT INMVSLMLVMIHSAL AGATTGGGAGCAATATTCATGACGTTAATA SFHYLLSNYSSISYI ATAATGTTTATCTCATCAAATACATGGAAA LTGFPQLITSNNKRI AAACCCATATTTATAATTAACATGGTGTCG QDAASIVQVLLVAAI TTGATGTTAGTTATGATTCATTCCGCACTT EASLVFQIHVMFTIE AGCTTCCATTACCTTTTATCGAATTATTCT NIKLIREIVLSISIA TCAATTTCTTATATACTGACAGGGTTTCCT MGLATVATYLAAAIK CAGTTGATTACAAGCAATAATAAACGAATT LIRGLHDEVMPQTHL CAAGATGCAGCGAGTATAGTCCAAGTTTTA IFNLSIILLASSINF TTGGTTGCTGCGATAGAAGCATCATTGGTA MTFILVIKLFFAIRS TTTCAGATTCATGTTATGTTTACGATTGAA RRYLGLRQFDAFHIL AACATTAAGCTTATTAGAGAAATAGTACTC LIMFCQSLLIPSVLY TCTATATCGATAGCAATGGGATTGGCAACA IIVYAVDSRSNQDYL GTGGCTACATATCTTGCTGCAGCAATAAAG IPIANLFVVLSLPLS CTGATAAGAGGACTGCATGATGAGGTAATG SIWANTSNNSSRSPK CCACAAACACATCTTATTTTCAATTTATCT YWKNSQTNKSNGSFV ATAATATTGCTTGCATCCTCCATAAATTTT SSISVNSDSQNPLYK ATGACATTTATATTGGTCATTAAACTTTTC KIVRFTSKGDTTRSI TTCGCTATTAGATCTAGAAGATATCTCGGT VSDSTLAEVGKYSMQ CTTCGTCAATTCGATGCTTTTCATATTTTA DVSNSNFECRDLDFE TTAATCATGTTCTGCCAGTCATTATTGATA KVKHTCENFGRISET CCCTCAGTATTATATATTATAGTTTACGCG YSELSTLDTTALNET GTTGATAGCAGATCTAATCAGGATTATCTG RLFWKQQSQCDK ATTCCAATTGCCAATTTATTTGTTGTTTTA (SEQ ID NO: 9) TCTTTGCCATTATCCTCTATCTGGGCTAAC ACATCAAATAACTCATCCAGATCTCCAAAA TATTGGAAAAACTCTCAAACGAATAAGAGC AATGGGTCTTTTGTCTCTTCAATATCTGTC AATAGTGACTCACAAAACCCTTTGTACAAA AAGATTGTACGTTTTACATCAAAAGGCGAC ACTACCCGTAGTATTGTAAGTGATTCAACA TTAGCAGAGGTGGGAAAATACTCTATGCAA GACGTTAGCAATTCAAACTTTGAATGTCGA GACCTTGATTTTGAGAAGGTAAAACATACT TGCGAAAATTTTGGCAGAATATCTGAAACA TATAGTGAGTTAAGTACTTTAGATACCACT GCCCTCAATGAGACTCGGTTGTTTTGGAAA CAACAAAGTCAGTGTGACAAATAG (SEQ ID NO: 10) Paracocci- WCTRPGQ MAPSFDPFNQSVVFH ATGGCACCCTCATTCGACCCCTTCAACCAA dioides GC KADGTPFNVSIHELD AGCGTGGTCTTCCACAAGGCCGACGGAACT brasiliensis (SEQ ID DFVQYNTKVCINYSS CCATTCAACGTCTCAATCCATGAACTAGAC NO: 11) QLGASVIAGLMLAML GACTTCGTGCAGTACAACACCAAAGTCTGC THSEKRRLPVFFLNT ATCAACTACTCTTCCCAGCTCGGAGCATCT FALAMNFARLLCMTI GTCATTGCAGGACTCATGCTTGCCATGCTG YFTTGFNKSYAYFGQ ACACACTCAGAAAAGCGTCGTCTGCCAGTT DYSQVPGSAYAASVL TTCTTCCTAAACACATTCGCACTGGCCATG GVVFTTLLVISMEMS AACTTTGCCCGCCTGCTCTGCATGACCATC LLIQTRVVCTTLPDI TACTTCACCACGGGCTTCAACAAGTCCTAT QRYLLMAVSSAISLM GCCTACTTTGGTCAGGATTACTCCCAGGTG AIGFRLGLMVENCIA CCTGGGAGCGCCTACGCAGCCTCTGTCTTG IVQASNFAPFIWLQS GGCGTTGTCTTCACCACTCTCCTGGTAATC ASNITITISTCFFSA AGCATGGAAATGTCCCTCCTGATCCAAACA VFVTKLAYALVTRIR AGGGTTGTCTGCACGACCCTTCCGGATATC LGLTRFGAMQVMFIM CAACGTTATCTACTCATGGCAGTTTCCTCC SCQTMVIPAIFSILQ GCGATTTCCCTGATGGCCATCGGGTTCCGC YPLPKYEMNSNLFTL CTTGGCTTAATGGTTGAGAACTGCATTGCC VAIFLPLSSLWASVA ATTGTGCAGGCGTCGAATTTCGCCCCTTTT TRSSFETSSSGRHQY ATCTGGCTTCAAAGCGCCTCGAACATCACC LWPSEQSNNVTNSEI ATTACGATCAGCACATGTTTCTTCAGTGCC KYQVSFSQNHTTLRS GTCTTTGTTACGAAATTGGCATATGCACTC GGSVATTLSPDRLDP GTCACTCGTATACGACTAGGCTTGACGAGG VYCEVEAGTKA TTTGGTGCTATGCAGGTTATGTTCATCATG (SEQ ID NO: 12) TCCTGCCAGACTATGGTGATTCCAGCCATC TTCTCAATTCTCCAATACCCACTCCCCAAG TACGAAATGAACTCCAACCTCTTTACGCTG GTGGCCATTTTCCTCCCTCTTTCCTCGCTA TGGGCTTCAGTTGCTACGAGATCCAGTTTC GAGACGTCTTCTTCCGGCCGCCATCAGTAT CTTTGGCCAAGCGAACAGAGCAATAACGTC ACCAATTCGGAAATTAAGTATCAGGTCAGC TTCTCTCAGAACCACACTACGTTGCGGTCT GGAGGGTCTGTGGCCACGACACTCTCCCCG GACCGGCTCGACCCGGTTTATTGTGAAGTT GAAGCTGGCACAAAGGCCTAG (SEQ ID NO: 13) Fusarium  WCWWKGQ MSKEVFDPFTQNVTF ATGTCTAAGGAAGTTTTCGACCCATTCACT graminearum PCW FAPDGKTEISIPVAA CAAAACGTTACTTTCTTCGCTCCAGACGGT (SEQ ID IDQVRRMMVNTTINY AAGACTGAAATCTCTATCCCAGTTGCTGCT NO: 14) ATQLGACLIMLVVLL ATCGACCAAGTTAGAAGAATGATGGTTAAC VMVPKEKFRRPFMIL ACTACTATCAACTACGCTACTCAATTGGGT QITSLVISCCRMLLL GCTTGTTTGATCATGTTGGTTGTTTTGTTG SIFHSSQFLDFYVFW GTTATGGTTCCAAAGGAAAAGTTCAGAAGA GDDHSRIPRSAYAPS CCATTCATGATCTTGCAAATCACTTCTTTG VAGNTMSLCLVISVE GTTATCTCTTGTTGTAGAATGTTGTTGTTG TMLMSQAWTMVRLWP TCTATCTTCCACTCTTCTCAATTCTTGGAC NVWKYIIAGVSLIVS TTCTACGTTTTCTGGGGTGACGACCACTCT IMAISVRLAYTIIQN AGAATCCCAAGATCTGCTTACGCTCCATCT NAVLKLEPAFHMFWL GTTGCTGGTAACACTATGTCTTTGTGTTTG IKWTVIMNVASISWW GTTATCTCTGTTGAAACTATGTTGATGTCT CAIFNIKLVWHLISN CAAGCTTGGACTATGGTTAGATTGTGGCCA RGILPSYKTFTPMEV AACGTTTGGAAGTACATCATCGCTGGTGTT LIMTNGILMIIPVIF TCTTTGATCGTTTCTATCATGGCTATCTCT ASLEWAHFVNFESAS GTTAGATTGGCTTACACTATCATCCAAAAC LTLTSVAVILPLGTL AACGCTGTTTTGAAGTTGGAACCAGCTTTC AAQRIASSAPSSANS CACATGTTCTGGTTGATCAAGTGGACTGTT TGASSGIRYGVSGPS ATCATGAACGTTGCTTCTATCTCTTGGTGG SFTGFKAPSFSTGTT TGTGCTATCTTCAACATCAAGTTGGTTTGG DRPHVSIYARCEAGT CACTTGATCTCTAACAGAGGTATCTTGCCA SSREHINPQGVELAK TCTTACAAGACTTTCACTCCAATGGAAGTT LDPETDHHVRVDRAF TTGATCATGACTAACGGTATCTTGATGATC LQREERIRAPL  ATCCCAGTTATCTTCGCTTCTTTGGAATGG (SEQ ID NO: 15) GCTCACTTCGTTAACTTCGAATCTGCTTCT TTGACTTTGACTTCTGTTGCTGTTATCTTG CCATTGGGTACTTTGGCTGCTCAAAGAATC GCTTCTTCTGCTCCATCTTCTGCTAACTCT ACTGGTGCTTCTTCTGGTATCAGATACGGT GTTTCTGGTCCATCTTCTTTCACTGGTTTC AAGGCTCCATCTTTCTCTACTGGTACTACT GACAGACCACACGTTTCTATCTACGCTAGA TGTGAAGCTGGTACTTCTTCTAGAGAACAC ATCAACCCACAAGGTGTTGAATTGGCTAAG TTGGACCCAGAAACTGACCACCACGTTAGA GTTGACAGAGCTTTCTTGCAAAGAGAAGAA AGAATCAGAGCTCCATTGTAG (SEQ ID NO: 16) Magnaporthe QWCPRRG MDQTLSATGTATSPP ATGGACCAAACTTTGTCTGCTACTGGTACT oryzea QPCW GPALTVDPRFQTITM GCTACTTCTCCACCAGGTCCAGCTTTGACT (SEQ ID LTPALMGQGFEEVQT GTTGACCCAAGATTCCAAACTATCACTATG NO: 17) TPAEINDVYFLAFNT TTGACTCCAGCTTTGATGGGTCAAGGTTTC AIGYSTQIGACFIML GAAGAAGTTCAAACTACTCCAGCTGAAATC LVLLTMTAKARFARI AACGACGTTTACTTCTTGGCTTTCAACACT PTIINTAALVVSIIR GCTATCGGTTACTCTACTCAAATCGGTGCT CTLLVIFFTSTMMEF TGTTTCATCATGTTGTTGGTTTTGTTGACT YTIFSDDFSFVHPND ATGACTGCTAAGGCTAGATTCGCTAGAATC IRRSVAATVFAPLQL CCAACTATCATCAACACTGCTGCTTTGGTT ALVEAALMVQAWAMV GTTTCTATCATCAGATGTACTTTGTTGGTT ELWPRAWKVSGIAFS ATCTTCTTCACTTCTACTATGATGGAATTC LILATVTVAFKCASA TACACTATCTTCTCTGACGACTTCTCTTTC AVTVKSALEPLDPRP GTTCACCCAAACGACATCAGAAGATCTGTT YLWIRQTDLAFTTAM GCTGCTACTGTTTTCGCTCCATTGCAATTG VTWFCFLFNVRLIMH GCTTTGGTTGAAGCTGCTTTGATGGTTCAA MWQNRSILPTVKGLS GCTTGGGCTATGGTTGAATTGTGGCCAAGA PMEVLVMANGLLMVF GCTTGGAAGGTTTCTGGTATCGCTTTCTCT PVLFAGLYYGNFGQF TTGATCTTGGCTACTGTTACTGTTGCTTTC ESASLTITSVVLVLP AAGTGTGCTTCTGCTGCTGTTACTGTTAAG LGTLVAQRLAVNNTV TCTGCTTTGGAACCATTGGACCCAAGACCA AGSSANTDMDDKLAF TACTTGTGGATCAGACAAACTGACTTGGCT LGNATTVTSSAAGFA TTCACTACTGCTATGGTTACTTGGTTCTGT GSSASATRSRLASPR TTCTTGTTCAACGTTAGATTGATCATGCAC QNSQLSTSVSAGKPR ATGTGGCAAAACAGATCTATCTTGCCAACT ADPIDLELQRIDDED GTTAAGGGTTTGTCTCCAATGGAAGTTTTG DDFSRSGSAGGVRVE GTTATGGCTAACGGTTTGTTGATGGTTTTC RSIERREERL CCAGTTTTGTTCGCTGGTTTGTACTACGGT (SEQ ID NO: 18) AACTTCGGTCAATTCGAATCTGCTTCTTTG ACTATCACTTCTGTTGTTTTGGTTTTGCCA TTGGGTACTTTGGTTGCTCAAAGATTGGCT GTTAACAACACTGTTGCTGGTTCTTCTGCT AACACTGACATGGACGACAAGTTGGCTTTC TTGGGTAACGCTACTACTGTTACTTCTTCT GCTGCTGGTTTCGCTGGTTCTTCTGCTTCT GCTACTAGATCTAGATTGGCTTCTCCAAGA CAAAACTCTCAATTGTCTACTTCTGTTTCT GCTGGTAAGCCAAGAGCTGACCCAATCGAC TTGGAATTGCAAAGAATCGACGACGAAGAC GACGACTTCTCTAGATCTGGTTCTGCTGGT GGTGTTAGAGTTGAAAGATCTATCGAAAGA AGAGAAGAAAGATTGTAG (SEQ ID NO: 19) Botrytis  WCGRPGQ MASNSSNFDPLTQSI ATGGCTTCTAACTCTTCTAACTTCGACCCA cinerea PC TILMADGITTVSFTP TTGACTCAATCTATCACTATCTTGATGGCT (SEQ ID LDIDFFYYYNVACCI GACGGTATCACTACTGTTTCTTTCACTCCA NO: 20) NYGAQAGACLLMFFV TTGGACATCGACTTCTTCTACTACTACAAC VVVLTKAVKRKTLLF GTTGCTTGTTGTATCAACTACGGTGCTCAA VLNVLSLIFGFLRAM GCTGGTGCTTGTTTGTTGATGTTCTTCGTT LYAIYFLQGFNDFYA GTTGTTGTTTTGACTAAGGCTGTTAAGAGA AFTFDFSRVPRSSYA AAGACTTTGTTGTTCGTTTTGAACGTTTTG SSVAGSVIPLCMTIT TCTTTGATCTTCGGTTTCTTGAGAGCTATG VNMSLYLQAYTVCKN TTGTACGCTATCTACTTCTTGCAAGGTTTC LDDIKRIILTTLSAI AACGACTTCTACGCTGCTTTCACTTTCGAC VALLAIGFRFAATVV TTCTCTAGAGTTCCAAGATCTTCTTACGCT NSVAILATSASSVPM TCTTCTGTTGCTGGTTCTGTTATCCCATTG QWLVKGTLVTETISI TGTATGACTATCACTGTTAACATGTCTTTG WFFSLIFTGKLVWTL TACTTGCAAGCTTACACTGTTTGTAAGAAC YNRRRNGWRQWSAVR TTGGACGACATCAAGAGAATCATCTTGACT ILAAMGGCTMVIPSI ACTTTGTCTGCTATCGTTGCTTTGTTGGCT FAILEYVTPVSFPEA ATCGGTTTCAGATTCGCTGCTACTGTTGTT GSIALTSVALLLPIS AACTCTGTTGCTATCTTGGCTACTTCTGCT SLWAGMVTDEETSAI TCTTCTGTTCCAATGCAATGGTTGGTTAAG DVSNLTGSRTMLGSQ GGTACTTTGGTTACTGAAACTATCTCTATC SGNFSRKTHASDITA TGGTTCTTCTCTTTGATCTTCACTGGTAAG QSSHLDFSSRKGSNA TTGGTTTGGACTTTGTACAACAGAAGAAGA TMMRKGSNAMDQVTT AACGGTTGGAGACAATGGTCTGCTGTTAGA IDCVVEDNQANRGLR ATCTTGGCTGCTATGGGTGGTTGTACTATG DSTEMDLEAMGVRVN GTTATCCCATCTATCTTCGCTATCTTGGAA KSYGVQKA TACGTTACTCCAGTTTCTTTCCCAGAAGCT (SEQ ID NO: 21) GGTTCTATCGCTTTGACTTCTGTTGCTTTG TTGTTGCCAATCTCTTCTTTGTGGGCTGGT ATGGTTACTGACGAAGAAACTTCTGCTATC GACGTTTCTAACTTGACTGGTTCTAGAACT ATGTTGGGTTCTCAATCTGGTAACTTCTCT AGAAAGACTCACGCTTCTGACATCACTGCT CAATCTTCTCACTTGGACTTCTCTTCTAGA AAGGGTTCTAACGCTACTATGATGAGAAAG GGTTCTAACGCTATGGACCAAGTTACTACT ATCGACTGTGTTGTTGAAGACAACCAAGCT AACAGAGGTTTGAGAGACTCTACTGAAATG GACTTGGAAGCTATGGGTGTTAGAGTTAAC AAGTCTTACGGTGTTCAAAAGGCTTAG (SEQ ID NO: 22)

6.3. Example 3: Reduction to Practice of Directed Evolution

6.3.1. Directed Evolution of Reporter Strain

A stable reporter strain to perform DE on plasmid-borne receptor variants based on previous methods for DE of GPCRs in yeast was established. This strain was analogous to the lycopene reporter with the lycopene biosynthetic genes replaced by the reporters: pFus1-mCherry (fluorescence), pFus1-His3 (growth advantage), pFus2-Ura3 (negative selection). The chromosomal copy of Ste2 was deleted.

6.3.2. Library Generation and Selection Scheme

The endogenous S. cerevisiae Ste2 pheromone receptor was mutated by error-prone PCR and selected for active mutants by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS). The enriched libraries were screened in microtiter plates using a growth based assay using pFus1-His3 as previously reported.³⁰

6.3.3. Peptide Ligand Design for Step-Wise DE

A stepwise selection framework that has been used to change substrate specificity of proteins and enzymes was used.⁷² Peptide targets that allow generation of a wide range of intermediate hybrid ligands that march from the native peptide ligand (e.g. native yeast α-Factor) to the desired target ligand (e.g. peptides derived from Cholera Toxin) were used for directed evolution.

6.3.4. Successful Demonstration of DE Strategy

This DE strategy was applied to CTx and two intermediate peptides (as shown in FIG. 7) were designed. An engineered receptor binding a hybrid peptide that is 71% identical to a peptide derived from the Cholera toxin (intermediate-2, “int-2”) was successfully generated. Int-2 had the sequence WHWLELPGSQHIDS (SEQ ID NO: 23). The initial mutant receptor, 15C11, shows an EC50 of 31 uM to intermediate-2. Through further rounds of DE, a mutant receptor, 31E4, was generated with an enhanced EC50 of 11 uM for intermediate-2 (see FIG. 7).

TABLE 3 Peptides used in directed evolution and associated sequences Name of Amino peptides used in DE acid sequence α-Factor, wild type WHWLQLKPGQPMY S. cereviseae (SEQ ID NO: 24) intermediate-1 (int-1) WHWLEVPGSQPMY (SEQ ID NO: 25) intermediate-2 (int-2) WHWLEVPGSQHIDS (SEQ ID NO: 26) cholera toxin epitope VEVPGSQHIDSQKKA long (CTxL) (SEQ ID NO: 27) cholera toxin epitope VPGSQHIDS short (CTxS) (SEQ ID NO: 28)

TABLE 4 GPCRs and associated sequences Amino acid Name of sequence of Corresponding DNA hit GPCRs GPCR coding sequence Ste2, MSDAAPSLSNL ATGTCTGATGCGGCTCCTTCATTGAGCAATCTATTTTAT wild type FYDPTYNPGQS GATCCAACGTATAATCCTGGTCAAAGCACCATTAACTAC S. cereviseae TINYTSIYGNG ACTTCCATATATGGGAATGGATCTACCATCACTTTCGAT STITFDELQGL GAGTTGCAAGGTTTAGTTAACAGTACTGTTACTCAGGCC VNSTVTQAIMF ATTATGTTTGGTGTCAGATGTGGTGCAGCTGCTTTGACT GVRCGAAALTL TTGATTGTCATGTGGATGACATCGAGAAGCAGAAAAACG IVMWMTSRSRK CCGATTTTCATTATCAACCAAGTTTCATTGTTTTTAATC TPIFIINQVSL ATTTTGCATTCTGCACTCTATTTTAAATATTTACTGTCT FLIILHSALYF AATTACTCTTCAGTGACTTACGCTCTCACCGGATTTCCT KYLLSNYSSVT CAGTTCATCAGTAGAGGTGACGTTCATGTTTATGGTGCT YALTGFPQFIS ACAAATATAATTCAAGTCCTTCTTGTGGCTTCTATTGAG RGDVHVYGATN ACTTCACTGGTGTTTCAGATAAAAGTTATTTTCACAGGC IIQVLLVASIE GACAACTTCAAAAGGATAGGTTTGATGCTGACGTCGATA TSLVFQIKVIF TCTTTCACTTTAGGGATTGCTACAGTTACCATGTATTTT TGDNFKRIGLM GTAAGCGCTGTTAAAGGTATGATTGTGACTTATAATGAT LTSISFTLGIA GTTAGTGCCACCCAAGATAAATACTTCAATGCATCCACA TVTMYFVSAVK ATTTTACTTGCATCCTCAATAAACTTTATGTCATTTGTC GMIVTYNDVSA CTGGTAGTTAAATTGATTTTAGCTATTAGATCAAGAAGA TQDKYFNASTI TTCCTTGGTCTCAAGCAGTTCGATAGTTTCCATATTTTA LLASSINFMSF CTCATAATGTCATGTCAATCTTTGTTGGTTCCATCGATA VLVVKLILAIR ATATTCATCCTCGCATACAGTTTGAAACCAAACCAGGGA SRRFLGLKQFD ACAGATGTCTTGACTACTGTTGCAACATTACTTGCTGTA SFHILLIMSCQ TTGTCTTTACCATTATCATCAATGTGGGCCACGGCTGCT SLLVPSIIFIL AATAATGCATCCAAAACAAACACAATTACTTCAGACTTT AYSLKPNQGTD ACAACATCCACAGATAGGTTTTATCCAGGCACGCTGTCT VLTTVATLLAV AGCTTTCAAACTGATAGTATCAACAACGATGCTAAAAGC LSLPLSSMWAT AGTCTCAGAAGTAGATTATATGACCTATATCCTAGAAGG AANNASKTNTI AAGGAAACAACATCGGATAAACATTCGGAAAGAACTTTT TSDFTTSTDRF GTTTCTGAGACTGCAGATGATATAGAGAAAAATCAGTTT YPGTLSSFQTD TATCAGTTGCCCACACCTACGAGTTCAAAAAATACTAGG SINNDAKSSLR ATAGGACCGTTTGCTGATGCAAGTTACAAAGAGGGAGAA SRLYDLYPRRK GTTGAACCCGTCGACATGTACACTCCCGATACGGCAGCT ETTSDKHSERT GATGAGGAAGCCAGAAAGTTCTGGACTGAAGATAATAAT FVSETADDIEK AATTTA (SEQ ID NO: 30) NQFYQLPTPTS SKNTRIGPFAD ASYKEGEVEPV DMYTPDTAADE EARKFWTEDNN NL  (SEQ ID NO: 29) MClone: same as ATGTCTGATGCGGCTCCTTCATTGAGCAATCTATTTTAT 15C11 Ste2 with GATCCAACGTATAATCCTGGTCAAAGCACCATTAACTAC mutation: ACTTCCATATATGGGAATGGATCTACCATCACTTTCGAT V276A GAGTTGCAAGGTTTAGTTAACAGTACTGTTACTCAGGCC ATTATGTTTGGTGTCAGATGTGGTGCAGCTGCTTTGACT TTGATTGTCATGTGGATGACATCGAGAAGCAGAAAAACG CCGATTTTCATTATCAACCAAGTTTCATTGTTTTTAATC ATTTTGCATTCTGCACTCTATTTTAAATATTTACTGTCT AATTACTCTTCAGTGACTTACGCTCTCACCGGATTTCCT GTAGAGGTGACGTTCATGTTTATGGTGCTACAAATATAA CAGTTCATCATTCAAGTCCTTCTTGTGGCTTCTATTGAG ACTTCACTGGTGTTTCAGATAAAAGTTATTTTCACAGGC GACAACTTCAAAAGGATAGGTTTGATGCTGACGTCGATA TCTTTCACTTTAGGGATTGCTACAGTTACCATGTATTTT GTAAGCGCTGTTAAAGGTATGATTGTGACTTATAATGAT GTTAGTGCCACCCAAGATAAATACTTCAATGCATCCACA ATTTTACTTGCATCCTCAATAAACTTTATGTCATTTGTC CTGGTAGTTAAATTGATTTTAGCTATTAGATCAAGAAGA TTCCTTGGTCTCAAGCAGTTCGATAGTTTCCATATTTTA CTCATAATGTCATGTCAATCTTTGTTGGTTCCATCGATA ATATTCATCCTCGCATACAGTTTGAAACCAAACCAGGGA ACAGATGCCTTGACTACTGTTGCAACATTACTTGCTGTA TTGTCTTTACCATTATCATCAATGTGGGCCACGGCTGCT AATAATGCATCCAAAACAAACACAATTACTTCAGACTTT ACAACATCCACAGATAGGTTTTATCCAGGCACGCTGTCT AGCTTTCAAACTGATAGTATCAACAACGATGCTAAAAGC AGTCTCAGAAGTAGATTATATGACCTATATCCTAGAAGG AAGGAAACAACATCGGATAAACATTCGGAAAGAACTTTT GTTTCTGAGACTGCAGATGATATAGAGAAAAATCAGTTT TATCAGTTGCCCACACCTACGAGTTCAAAAAATACTAGG ATAGGACCGTTTGCTGATGCAAGTTACAAAGAGGGAGAA GTTGAACCCGTCGACATGTACACTCCCGATACGGCAGCT GATGAGGAAGCCAGAAAGTTCTGGACTGAAGATAATAAT AATTTA (SEQ ID NO: 31) MClone: same as ATGTCTGATGCGGCTCCTTCATTGAGCAATCTATTTTAT 31E4 Ste2 with GATCCAACGTATAATCCTGGTCAAAGCACCATTAACTAC mutation:  ACTTCCATATATGGGAATGGATCTACCATCACTTTCGAT V276A and GAGTTGCAAGGTTTAGTTAACAGTACTGTTACTCAGGCC Y193C ATTATGTTTGGTGTCAGATGTGGTGCAGCTGCTTTGACT TTGATTGTCATGTGGATGACATCGAGAAGCAGAAAAACG CCGATTTTCATTATCAACCAAGTTTCATTGTTTTTAATC ATTTTGCATTCTGCACTCTATTTTAAATATTTACTGTCT AATTACTCTTCAGTGACTTACGCTCTCACCGGATTTCCT CAGTTCATCAGTAGAGGTGACGTTCATGTTTATGGTGCT ACAAATATAATTCAAGTCCTTCTTGTGGCTTCTATTGAG ACTTCACTGGTGTTTCAGATAAAAGTTATTTTCACAGGC GACAACTTCAAAAGGATAGGTTTGATGCTGACGTCGATA TCTTTCACTTTAGGGATTGCTACAGTTACCATGTATTTT GTAAGCGCTGTTAAAGGTATGATTGTGACTTATAATGAT GTTAGTGCCACCCAAGATAAATACTTCAATGCATCCACA ATTCTACTTGCATCCTCAATAAACTTTATGTCATTTGTC CTGGTAGTTAAATTGATTTTAGCTATTAGATCAAGAAGA TTCCTTGGTCTCAAGCAGTTCGATAGTTTCCATATTTTA CTCATAATGTCATGTCAATCTTTGTTGGTTCCATCGATA ATATTCATCCTCGCATACAGTTTGAAACCAAACCAGGGA ACAGATGCCTTGACTACTGTTGCAACATTACTTGCTGTA TTGTCTTTACCATTATCATCAATGTGGGCCACGGCTGCT AATAATGCATCCAAAACAAACACAATTACTTCAGACTTT ACAACATCCACAGATAGGTTTTATCCAGGCACGCTGTCT AGCTTTCAAACTGATAGTATCAACAACGATGCTAAAAGC AGTCTCAGAAGTAGATTATATGACCTATATCCTAGAAGG AAGGAAACAACATCGGATAAACATTCGGAAAGAACTTTT GTTTCTGAGACTGCAGATGATATAGAGAAAAATCAGTTT TATCAGTTGCCCACACCTACGAGTTCAAAAAATACTAGG ATAGGACCGTTTGCTGATGCAAGTTACAAAGAGGGAGAA GTTGAACCCGTCGACATGTACACTCCCGATACGGCAGCT GATGAGGAAGCCAGAAAGTTCTGGACTGAAGATAATAAT AATTTA (SEQ ID NO: 32) 6.3.5. Demonstration of Proteases to Release Target Ligands

A simple proteolytic degradation of commercially purified CTx was performed. CTx was specifically degraded with either Trypsin or a combination of LysN and GluC. The expected target peptide was successfully detected by mass spectrometry showing it to be released from the full protein. The experiment resulted in a list of released peptides of different length and physicochemical properties which can be used as additional target analytes. Analogous degradation of CTx in the gut or the environment may make target peptides available in field samples. Additionally and alternatively, these extremely robust and cheap proteases may be incorporated into a product formulation.

6.4. Example 4: Yeast Cholera Biosensor

The strain is engineered to respond to a cholera specific peptide by generating a color output.

To develop a cholera peptide binding receptor, the GPCR is subjected to mutagenesis and the resulting library is expressed in the same yeast host. All variants are screened against the peptide, which is synthetically synthesized or originates from bacterial cultures, and strains that show reporter gene expression are further investigated and optimized. Enhanced binding may be achieved by more stringent screening conditions such as lower concentration of target molecule or less copies of the receptor expressed on the cell surface. In certain embodiments, color change is rapid—for example 10 grams, 1 gram, 100 mg, 10 mg, or even 1 mg of freeze dried yeast may result in sufficient red color to be readily apparent to the naked eye, and the assay is desirably sensitive enough to detect low levels of peptide. Non-engineered yeast may be used as controls to test biosensor specificity and false-positive rate. Native alpha factor/Ste2 receptor activation can also be used as a control.

6.5. Example 5: Expressing GPCRs in Yeast

GPCRs were cloned into yeast using the Reiterative Recombination DNA assembly system. The desensitization of the receptor, where prolonged stimulation leads to an attenuated response, was eliminated by deletion of SST2, allowing cells to respond to doses of pheromone that are roughly two orders of magnitude lower than those detected by normal cells and prevent recovery from pheromone-induced growth arrest, even if the ligand was removed.²⁰ Deletion of Farl also prevented pheromone-induced cell cycle arrest. The endogenous pheromone receptor Ste2 was deleted to avoid cross talk with yeast mating signal.

6.6. Example 6: Freeze-Drying Yeast

Viability of S. cerevisiae was determined after different freeze-drying treatments.⁷³ The results are shown in FIG. 5. Cell viability of ˜1-2% was observed, in agreement with previously published literature.

6.7. Example 7: Detection of Pathogenic Fungi Pheromones Using an Integrated Lycopene Biosensor

The engineering of S. cerevisiae as a specific and sensitive biosensor for the presence of pathogenic fungi that may be easily used outside the laboratory. The sensor may be used by non-experts, and thus consists of non-technical mixing and color change output that is visible to the naked eye.

Baker's yeast, a safe organism broadly used in the food industry for centuries and easily grown in a robust manner was reprogrammed to express the tomato red pigment lycopene in response to binding of natural pathogen-specific peptides by expressing natural fungal binding receptors. This user-friendly and equipment-free signal is compatible with household use at local communities at-risk for fungi infections.

Fungal pathogens have recently been identified as increasing cause of human disease as well as a cause of population decline in animals and crops. The annual number of cases of sepsis caused by fungal organisms in the U.S. increased by 207% between 1979 and 2000 [Pfaller, Diekema, (2007)]. Several factors contribute to the increase in fungal infections, among which are the increasing number of immunocompromised HIV, cancer and transplantation patients, aging population, and increased global mobility which expands the habitats of endemic opportunistic fungal strains [Pfaller, Diekema, (2007)].

Candida fungal species are the major cause of opportunistic mycoses worldwide with 72.8 million annual candida species infections cases worldwide and a 33.9% case/fatality ratio [Pfaller, Diekema, (2007)]. Candida infections are associated with a high crude mortality of 46% to 75% and a long hospital stay which causes tremendous health care burden. Two fungal species, C. albicans and C. Glabrata, were shown to be the causative agents of 62% and 12% of Candidasis, respectively. [Ramirez-Zavaleta (2010)]. Candida albicans is a fungi naturally found in human gastrointestinal, genitourinary tracts and skin, but under compromised immunity it could result in kidney, heart or brain infection [Berman, Sudbery (2002)].

It is difficult to diagnose and distinguish fungal infections. While several anti-fungal therapeutics are available, mortality rates of invasive fungal diseases remain extremely high, often exceeding 50%. This is due to a major clinical bottleneck in early treatment, rooted in significant lack of rapid diagnosis [Brown et al. (2012)]. For example, although several methods are currently available for detection of pathogenic fungi in the laboratory, the current gold standard for confirming candida infection in patients remains slow methods such as cultures or cost prohibitive methods such as coagulation assays which are often unavailable in high risk areas for fungal infections. In this Example, a non-technical biosensor that could be used outside of the laboratory for detection of pathogenic fungi was developed.

In order to detect fungal pathogens, fungal receptors that are naturally binding the fungal peptide mating pheromone were generated. Candida albicans cells are diploid (a/alpha) and both homothallic and heterothallic mating have been observed in clinical samples, making mating peptide a relevant biomarker for fungal detection. C. albicans must switch its phenotype from white to opaque before secretion of pheromones can occur to induce mating, a transition triggered by different environmental signals. The opaque “mating” phenotype was found to be stabilized by the presence of CO2 and GlcNAc and observed during passage through mouse intestines, suggesting persistence of mating-compatible, pheromone producing C. albicans cells in the host [Ramirez-Zavala (2008); Huang (2010)]. Mating was also observed in systemic infections and colonization of the skin and intestines. [Hull et al. (2000), Lachke et al (2003), Dumitru (2007)]. C. glabrata population is mostly clonal, and while distinct mating types have been identified, pheromone genes are not expressed in most isolates and neither mating types responds to pheromone.

6.7.1. Fungal GPCRs as the Detection Element

Natural fungal GPCRs were cloned and tested for functionality with their respective natural ligands in S. cerevisiae biosensor strain. The results for GPCR activation experiments in biosensor strain are presented in FIGS. 9 and 10. Sequence analysis of receptor and peptides are presented in FIGS. 11 and 12 and further discussed in Example 6.8 below.

As shown in FIG. 9, fungal receptors were found to be highly specific for their respective peptide pheromones, with very little crosstalk between receptors. This is due to the critical role of pheromone recognition in fungal mating and conservation of species integrity. For example, species cohabitating a common host, C. Glabrata and C. albicans did not respond to the other species pheromone. However, S. cerevisiae native Ste2 receptor responded to C. glabrata, but not to C. albicans pheromone, reflecting the difference in phylogenetic distance between the three strains. Interestingly, the P. brasiliensis receptor seemed more promiscuous, showing moderate activity when induced with A. fumigatus or pheromone.

Most receptor-pheromone pairs were found to be highly sensitive to their ligand peptide, with EC50 values of 4 nM, 51 nM and 34 nM for C. albicans, L. elongisporous, and P. brasiliensis, respectively, notably higher than the natural activation of the S. cerevisiae GPCR-pheromone pair (EC50=190 nM). C. glabrata was less active EC50=3.6 μM) in biosensor settings (see FIG. 9).

6.7.2. Lycopene as a Simple, Low-Cost Readout

Having established fungal GPCRs as the detection element, the inventors then implemented and optimized a lycopene biosynthetic pathway as a direct, low-cost readout for the biosensor (see FIG. 13). By overexpressing key pathway genes (Crt1, tHMG1, Fad1), there was significant improvement in the maximal yield of lycopene produced after induction with α-factor. These changes also greatly reduced the time required to reach half maximal biosynthesis of lycopene after induction by α-factor (see FIG. 13C).

6.7.3. An Integrated Biosensor

A product profile that satisfies the unique requirements of a live yeast cell sensor as diagnostic device was developed. Specifically, a core product component, the “Yeast Reporter Tab”, maintaining viable, functional yeast cells while enhancing color contrast and ease of use (see FIG. 14) was developed. Importantly, this kit design incorporates a nutrient gel, a white paper to enhance signal contrast, a concentrated yeast spot to enhance apparent color intensity of the produced lycopene and a control yeast spot to eliminate false positives. The design was viable and functioned.

The integrated biosensor properly responded to a synthetic peptide derived from the human pathogen C. albicans. Importantly, the biosensor retained a high level of sensitivity and speed while producing a signal visible to the naked eye (see FIG. 14B).

Furthermore, FIG. 14C shows observed dose-response of the biosensor strain (using fluorescent readout) when exposed to culture supernatants from the homozygous C. albicans strains P37005, GC75 or a mixture of the two pathogen strain.

6.8. Example 8: Peptide-Activated Receptors and Peptide Ligands

EXAMPLE 8 is an updated study of EXAMPLE 2. Whole-cell diagnostic device enables the use of integral membrane receptors to mediate highly specific and sensitive detection of biologically relevant ligands. Notably, membrane proteins such as GPCRs have not been amenable for in vitro diagnostics as they are notoriously difficult to express outside of their natural membrane environment. A whole-cell provides access to the untapped repertoire of molecular recognition of GPCRs in much the same way ELISAs allowed access to antibody recognition [Lequin (2005)].

The inventors focused on implementing the highly specific fungal peptide-activated GPCRs, such as Ste2 from S. cerevisiea, for detection of fungal peptides.

Fungal GPCRs have several key advantages for biosensor engineering. First, GPCRs homologous to the S. cerevisiae Ste2 robustly coupled to the host pheromone pathway. (see FIGS. 9 and 10). Second, these fungal GPCRs recognized a diverse set of peptide ligands (see FIG. 12, Table 5). Third, fungal GPCRs showed very highly specificity for their respective peptides (see FIG. 9). Furthermore, these fungal GPCRs offered a highly viable platform for directed evolution towards binding of novel peptide ligands through mutagenesis of either receptor or peptide.

TABLE 5 Physicochemical properties of functionally verified peptide ligands, ordered by peptide length Charge Sequence Length MW IP (−/+) GRAVY^(a) WCGRPGQPC  9 1      8.07 0/1 -0.878 (SEQ ID NO: 20) WCTRPGQGC  9 1.007  8.07 0/1 -0.778 (SEQ ID NO: 11) WCGHIGQGC  9 0.960  6.72 0/0  0.078 (SEQ ID NO: 33) WCWWKGQPCW 10 1.379  8.06 0/1 -0.800 (SEQ ID NO: 14) QWCPRRGQPCW 11 1.416  9.02 0/2 -1.491 (SEQ ID NO: 17) WMWTRYGRFSPV 12 1.585 10.84 0/2 -0.558 (SEQ ID NO: 34) HLVRLSPGAAMF 12 1.298  9.76 0/1  0.800 (SEQ ID NO: 35) HFIELDPGQPMF 12 1.430  4.35 2/0 -0.125 (SEQ ID NO: 36) WHWTSYGVFEPG 12 1.465  5.24 1/0 -0.558 (SEQ ID NO: 37) WHWLQLKPGQPMY 13 1.670 8.6 0/1 -0.869 (SEQ ID NO: 38) GFRLTNFGYFEPG 13 1.500 6   1/2 -0.315 (SEQ ID NO: 5) WHWVRLRKGQGLF 13 1.682 12.1  0/3 -0.585 (SEQ ID NO: 8) WSWITLRPGQPIF 13 1.600  9.75 0/1  0.054 (SEQ ID NO: 39) WHWLELDNGQPIY 13 1.670  4.35 2/0  0.785 (SEQ ID NO: 40) WHWLRLRYGEPIY 13 1.789 8.6 1/2 -0.769 (SEQ ID NO: 41) KPHWTTYGYYEPQ 13 1.669  6.75 1/1 -1.838 (SEQ ID NO: 42) NWHWLRLDPGQPLY 14 1.795  6.74 1/1 -0.964 (SEQ ID NO: 43) KFKFRLTRYGWFSPN 15 1.947 11.1  0/4 -0.92  (SEQ ID NO: 44) KKNSRFLTYWFFQPIM 16 2.106 10.29 0/3 -0.375 (SEQ ID NO: 45) GDWGWFWYVPRPGDPAM 17 2.037  4.21 2/1 -0.635 (SEQ ID NO: 46) TYADFLRAYQSWNTFVNPDRPNL 23 2.789  5.63 2/2 -0.778 (SEQ ID NO: 47) VSDRVKQMLSHWWNFRNPDTANL 23 2.815  8.72 2/3 -0.883 (SEQ ID NO: 48) TYEDFLRVYKNWWSFQNPDRPDL 23 2.990  4.68 4/3 -1.265 (SEQ ID NO: 49) ^(a)The GRAVY value is the average hydropathy of the given sequence. Positive values indicate overall hydrophilicity of the sequence and negative values relative hydrophobicity. Index range is -4.5 to 4.5 6.8.1. Key Characteristics of Fungal GPCRs

Candidate receptors for biosenosor engineering were identified by searching protein and genomic databases (NCBI, UniProt) for proteins and/or genes with homology to S. cerevisiae Ste2 receptor. Functionally characterized receptors (described below) had an average amino acid sequence homology of 33% to S. cerevisiae Ste2, ranging from 66% to 15% as calculated with Clustal Omega [Sievers (2014)].

Additionally, all receptors were predicted to have seven transmembrane helices, an extracellular N-terminus, an intracellular C-terminus, three extracellular loops and three intracellular loops when analyzed by TMHMM v2.0 [Krogh et al. (2001)]. Notably, while large portions of the extracellular loops and transmembrane helices had low conservation across receptors, three key regions with increased homology (see FIG. 11) were observed. Based on previous mutational studies of the S. cerevisiae Ste2 receptor, these three regions have been shown to be important in mediating signal transduction and interactions with the downstream G-protein. [Ćelić et al. (2003); Martin et al. (2002)]. Thus, cell surface receptors with homology to these key regions have a high likelihood of functioning in a S. cerevisiae biosensor.

6.8.2. List of Functionally Characterized Receptors

Twenty three receptor-peptide pairs were cloned and functionally characterized in sensor strain, as shown in FIGS. 9 and 10 (see Table 6 for sequences).

-   -   Human pathogen: C. albicans, C. glabrata, P. brasiliensis, L.         elongisporous, P. rubens, C. guillermondi, C. tropicalis, C.         parapsilosis,     -   Plant pathogen: F. graminearum, M. oryzea, B. cinerea, G.         candidum.     -   Food Safety/Spoilage: Z. bailii. Z. rouxii     -   Industrial/Model fungi: S. cerevisiae, K. lactis, S. pombe, V.         polyspora (receptor 1), V. polyspora (receptor 2), S.         stipitis, S. japonicas, S. castellii, S. octosporus.         6.8.3. List of Additional Cloned Receptors (see Table 6 for         Sequences)

A. nidulans, A. oryzae, B. bassiana, C. lusitaniae, C. tenuis, N. fischeri, N. crassa, P. destructans, H. jecorina, T. melanosporum, D. haptotyla, S. scheckii, Y. lipolytica, T. delbrueckii, K. pastoris

TABLE 6 Sequences of Fungal GPCRs and Peptide Ligands sequence sequence of DNA coding sequence of of peptide GPCRs used corresponding GPCRs that analyte (all sequences senses peptide analyte (WT Fungi used are wild type) or codon-optimized noted) Saccharomyces WHWLQLK MSDAAPSLSNLFY (wild type) cerevisiae PGQPMY DPTYNPGQSTINY ATGTCTGATGCGGCTCCTTCATTGAG (SEQ ID TSIYGNGSTITFD CAATCTATTTTATGATCCAACGTATA NO: 38) ELQGLVNSTVTQA ATCCTGGTCAAAGCACCATTAACTAC IMFGVRCGAAALT ACTTCCATATATGGGAATGGATCTAC LIVMWMTSRSRKT CATCACTTTCGATGAGTTGCAAGGTT PIFIINQVSLFLI TAGTTAACAGTACTGTTACTCAGGCC ILHSALYFKYLLS ATTATGTTTGGTGTCAGATGTGGTGC NYSSVTYALTGFP AGCTGCTTTGACTTTGATTGTCATGT QFISRGDVHVYGA GGATGACATCGAGAAGCAGAAAAACG TNIIQVLLVASIE CCGATTTTCATTATCAACCAAGTTTC TSLVFQIKVIFTG ATTGTTTTTAATCATTTTGCATTCTG DNFKRIGLMLTSI CACTCTATTTTAAATATTTACTGTCT SFTLGIATVTMYF AATTACTCTTCAGTGACTTACGCTCT VSAVKGMIVTYND CACCGGATTTCCTCAGTTCATCAGTA VSATQDKYFNAST GAGGTGACGTTCATGTTTATGGTGCT ILLASSINFMSFV ACAAATATAATTCAAGTCCTTCTTGT LVVKLILAIRSRR GGCTTCTATTGAGACTTCACTGGTGT FLGLKQFDSFHIL TTCAGATAAAAGTTATTTTCACAGGC LIMSCQSLLVPSI GACAACTTCAAAAGGATAGGTTTGAT IFILAYSLKPNQG GCTGACGTCGATATCTTTCACTTTAG TDVLTTVATLLAV GGATTGCTACAGTTACCATGTATTTT LSLPLSSMWATAA GTAAGCGCTGTTAAAGGTATGATTGT NNASKTNTITSDF GACTTATAATGATGTTAGTGCCACCC TTSTDRFYPGTLS AAGATAAATACTTCAATGCATCCACA SFQTDSINNDAKS ATTTTACTTGCATCCTCAATAAACTT SLRSRLYDLYPRR TATGTCATTTGTCCTGGTAGTTAAAT KETTSDKHSERTF TGATTTTAGCTATTAGATCAAGAAGA VSETADDIEKNQF TTCCTTGGTCTCAAGCAGTTCGATAG YQLPTPTSSKNTR TTTCCATATTTTACTCATAATGTCAT IGPFADASYKEGE GTCAATCTTTGTTGGTTCCATCGATA VEPVDMYTPDTAA ATATTCATCCTCGCATACAGTTTGAA DEEARKFWTEDNN ACCAAACCAGGGAACAGATGTCTTGA NL CTACTGTTGCAACATTACTTGCTGTA (SEQ ID NO:50) TTGTCTTTACCATTATCATCAATGTG GGCCACGGCTGCTAATAATGCATCCA AAACAAACACAATTACTTCAGACTTT ACAACATCCACAGATAGGTTTTATCC AGGCACGCTGTCTAGCTTTCAAACTG ATAGTATCAACAACGATGCTAAAAGC AGTCTCAGAAGTAGATTATATGACCT ATATCCTAGAAGGAAGGAAACAACAT CGGATAAACATTCGGAAAGAACTTTT GTTTCTGAGACTGCAGATGATATAGA GAAAAATCAGTTTTATCAGTTGCCCA CACCTACGAGTTCAAAAAATACTAGG ATAGGACCGTTTGCTGATGCAAGTTA CAAAGAGGGAGAAGTTGAACCCGTCG ACATGTACACTCCCGATACGGCAGCT GATGAGGAAGCCAGAAAGTTCTGGAC TGAAGATAATAATAATTTATAG (SEQ ID NO: 51) Candida GFRLTNF MNINSTFIPDKPG (wild type) albicans GYFEPG DIIISYSIPGLDQ ATGAATATCAATTCAACTTTCATACC (SEQ ID PIQIPFHSLDSFQ TGATAAACCAGGCGATATAATTATTA NO: 5) TDQAKIALVMGIT GTTATTCAATTCCAGGATTAGATCAA IGSCSMTLIFLIS CCAATTCAAATTCCTTTCCATTCATT IMYKTNKLTNLKL AGATTCATTTCAAACCGATCAAGCTA KLKLKYILQWINQ AAATAGCTTTAGTCATGGGGATAACT KIFTKKRNDNKQQ ATTGGGAGTTGTTCAATGACATTAAT QQQQQQQIESSSY TTTTTTGATTTCTATAATGTATAAAA NNTTTTLGGYKLF CTAATAAATTAACAAATTTAAAATTA LFYLNSLILLIGI AAATTAAAATTAAAATATATCTTGCA IRSGCYLNYNLGP ATGGATAAATCAAAAAATCTTCACCA LNSLSFVFTGWYD AAAAAAGGAATGACAACAAACAACAA GSSFISSDVTNGF CAACAACAACAACAACAACAAATTGA KCILYALVEISLG ATCATCATCATATAACAATACTACTA FQVYVMFKTSNLK CTACGCTGGGGGGTTATAAATTATTT IWGIMASLLSIGL TTATTTTATCTTAATTCATTGATTTT GLIVVAFQINLTI ATTAATTGGTATTATTCGATCAGGTT LSHIRFSRAISTN GTTATTTAAATTATAATTTAGGTCCA RSEEESSSSLSSD TTAAATTCACTTAGTTTTGTATTTAC SVGYVINSIWMDL TGGTTGGTATGATGGATCATCATTTA PTILFSISINIMT TATCATCCGATGTAACTAATGGATTT ILLIGKLIIAIRT AAATGTATTTTATATGCTTTAGTGGA RRYLGLKQFDSFH AATTTCATTAGGTTTCCAAGTTTATG ILLIGFSQTLIIP TGATGTTCAAAACTTCAAATTTAAAA SIILVVHYFYLSQ ATTTGGGGGATAATGGCATCATTATT NKDSLLQQISLLL ATCAATTGGTTTAGGATTGATTGTTG IILMLPLSSLWAQ TTGCCTTTCAAATCAATTTAACAATT TANNTHNINSSPS TTATCTCATATTCGATTTTCCCGGGC LSFISRHHLSDSS TATATCAACTAACAGAAGTGAAGAAG RSGGSNTIVSNGG AATCATCATCATCATTATCATCTGAT SNGGGGGGGNFPV TCGGTTGGGTATGTGATTAATTCAAT SGIDAQLPPDIEK ATGGATGGATTTACCAACAATATTAT ILHEDNNYKLLNS TTTCCATTAGTATTAATATAATGACA NNESVNDGDIIIN ATATTATTGATTGGTAAACTTATAAT DEGMITKQITIKR TGCTATTAGAACAAGACGTTATTTAG V GATTGAAACAATTTGATAGTTTCCAT ATTTTATTAATTGGTTTCAGTCAAAC ATTAATTATTCCTTCAATTATTTTGG TGGTTCATTATTTTTATTTATCACAA AATAAAGATTCTTTATTACAACAAAT TAGTCTTTTATTGATTATTTTAATGT TACCATTAAGTTCTTTATGGGCTCAA ACTGCTAATAATACTCATAATATTAA TTCATCTCCAAGTTTATCATTCATAT CTCGTCATCATCTGTCTGATAGTAGT CGTAGTGGTGGTTCCAATACAATTGT TAGTAATGGTGGTAGTAATGGTGGTG GTGGTGGTGGTGGGAATTTCCCTGTT TCAGGTATTGATGCACAATTACCACC TGATATTGAAAAAATCTTACATGAAG ATAATAATTATAAATTACTTAATAGT AATAATGAAAGTGTAAATGATGGAGA TATTATCATTAATGATGAAGGTATGA TTACTAAACAAATCACCATCAAAAGA GTGTAG Candida WHWVRLR MEMGYDPRMYNPR (wild type) glabrata KGQGLF NEYLNFTSVYDVN ATGGAGATGGGCTACGATCCAAGAAT DTIRFSTLDAIVK GTATAATCCAAGAAATGAATACTTGA GLLRIAIVHGVRL ATTTCACGTCGGTATATGATGTAAAT GAIFMTLIIMFIS GACACAATCAGATTTTCGACTCTGGA SNTWKKPIFIINM CGCCATTGTAAAAGGATTGCTTAGAA VSLMLVMIHSALS TTGCCATTGTTCATGGAGTTAGATTG FHYLLSNYSSISY GGAGCAATATTCATGACGTTAATAAT ILTGFPQLITSNN AATGTTTATCTCATCAAATACATGGA KRIQDAASIVQVL AAAAACCCATATTTATAATTAACATG LVAAIEASLVFQI GTGTCGTTGATGTTAGTTATGATTCA HVMFTIENIKLIR TTCCGCACTTAGCTTCCATTACCTTT EIVLSISIAMGLA TATCGAATTATTCTTCAATTTCTTAT TVATYLAAAIKLI ATACTGACAGGGTTTCCTCAGTTGAT RGLHDEVMPQTHL TACAAGCAATAATAAACGAATTCAAG IFNLSIILLASSI ATGCAGCGAGTATAGTCCAAGTTTTA NFMTFILVIKLFF TTGGTTGCTGCGATAGAAGCATCATT AIRSRRYLGLRQF GGTATTTCAGATTCATGTTATGTTTA DAFHILLIMFCQS CGATTGAAAACATTAAGCTTATTAGA LLIPSVLYIIVYA GAAATAGTACTCTCTATATCGATAGC VDSRSNQDYLIPI AATGGGATTGGCAACAGTGGCTACAT ANLFVVLSLPLSS ATCTTGCTGCAGCAATAAAGCTGATA IWANTSNNSSRSP AGAGGACTGCATGATGAGGTAATGCC KYWKNSQTNKSNG ACAAACACATCTTATTTTCAATTTAT SFVSSISVNSDSQ CTATAATATTGCTTGCATCCTCCATA NPLYKKIVRFTSK AATTTTATGACATTTATATTGGTCAT GDTTRSIVSDSTL TAAACTTTTCTTCGCTATTAGATCTA AEVGKYSMQDVSN GAAGATATCTCGGTCTTCGTCAATTC SNFECRDLDFEKV GATGCTTTTCATATTTTATTAATCAT KHTCENFGRISET GTTCTGCCAGTCATTATTGATACCCT YSELSTLDTTALN CAGTATTATATATTATAGTTTACGCG ETRLFWKQQSQCD GTTGATAGCAGATCTAATCAGGATTA K TCTGATTCCAATTGCCAATTTATTTG TTGTTTTATCTTTGCCATTATCCTCT ATCTGGGCTAACACATCAAATAACTC ATCCAGATCTCCAAAATATTGGAAAA ACTCTCAAACGAATAAGAGCAATGGG TCTTTTGTCTCTTCAATATCTGTCAA TAGTGACTCACAAAACCCTTTGTACA AAAAGATTGTACGTTTTACATCAAAA GGCGACACTACCCGTAGTATTGTAAG TGATTCAACATTAGCAGAGGTGGGAA AATACTCTATGCAAGACGTTAGCAAT TCAAACTTTGAATGTCGAGACCTTGA TTTTGAGAAGGTAAAACATACTTGCG AAAATTTTGGCAGAATATCTGAAACA TATAGTGAGTTAAGTACTTTAGATAC CACTGCCCTCAATGAGACTCGGTTGT TTTGGAAACAACAAAGTCAGTGTGAC AAATAG Paracoccidioides WCTRPG MAPSFDPFNQSVV (wild type) brasiliensis QGC FHKADGTPFNVSI ATGGCACCCTCATTCGACCCCTTCAA HELDDFVQYNTKV CCAAAGCGTGGTCTTCCACAAGGCCG CINYSSQLGASVI ACGGAACTCCATTCAACGTCTCAATC AGLMLAMLTHSEK CATGAACTAGACGACTTCGTGCAGTA RRLPVFFLNTFAL CAACACCAAAGTCTGCATCAACTACT AMNFARLLCMTIY CTTCCCAGCTCGGAGCATCTGTCATT FTTGFNKSYAYFG GCAGGACTCATGCTTGCCATGCTGAC QDYSQVPGSAYAA ACACTCAGAAAAGCGTCGTCTGCCAG SVLGVVFTTLLVI TTTTCTTCCTAAACACATTCGCACTG SMEMSLLIQTRVV GCCATGAACTTTGCCCGCCTGCTCTG CTTLPDIQRYLLM CATGACCATCTACTTCACCACGGGCT AVSSAISLMAIGF TCAACAAGTCCTATGCCTACTTTGGT RLGLMVENCIAIV CAGGATTACTCCCAGGTGCCTGGGAG QASNFAPFIWLQS CGCCTACGCAGCCTCTGTCTTGGGCG ASNITITISTCFF TTGTCTTCACCACTCTCCTGGTAATC SAVFVTKLAYALV AGCATGGAAATGTCCCTCCTGATCCA TRIRLGLTRFGAM AACAAGGGTTGTCTGCACGACCCTTC QVMFIMSCQTMVI CGGATATCCAACGTTATCTACTCATG PAIFSILQYPLPK GCAGTTTCCTCCGCGATTTCCCTGAT YEMNSNLFTLVAI GGCCATCGGGTTCCGCCTTGGCTTAA FLPLSSLWASVAT TGGTTGAGAACTGCATTGCCATTGTG RSSFETSSSGRHQ CAGGCGTCGAATTTCGCCCCTTTTAT YLWPSEQSNNVTN CTGGCTTCAAAGCGCCTCGAACATCA SEIKYQVSFSQNH CCATTACGATCAGCACATGTTTCTTC TTLRSGGSVATTL AGTGCCGTCTTTGTTACGAAATTGGC SPDRLDPVYCEVE ATATGCACTCGTCACTCGTATACGAC AGTKA TAGGCTTGACGAGGTTTGGTGCTATG CAGGTTATGTTCATCATGTCCTGCCA GACTATGGTGATTCCAGCCATCTTCT CAATTCTCCAATACCCACTCCCCAAG TACGAAATGAACTCCAACCTCTTTAC GCTGGTGGCCATTTTCCTCCCTCTTT CCTCGCTATGGGCTTCAGTTGCTACG AGATCCAGTTTCGAGACGTCTTCTTC CGGCCGCCATCAGTATCTTTGGCCAA GCGAACAGAGCAATAACGTCACCAAT TCGGAAATTAAGTATCAGGTCAGCTT CTCTCAGAACCACACTACGTTGCGGT CTGGAGGGTCTGTGGCCACGACACTC TCCCCGGACCGGCTCGACCCGGTTTA TTGTGAAGTTGAAGCTGGCACAAAGG CCTAG Fusarium WCWWK MSKEVFDPFTQNV (codon optimized) graminearum GQPCW TFFAPDGKTEISI ATGTCTAAGGAAGTTTTCGACCCATT PVAAIDQVRRMMV CACTCAAAACGTTACTTTCTTCGCTC NTTINYATQLGAC CAGACGGTAAGACTGAAATCTCTATC LIMLVVLLVMVPK CCAGTTGCTGCTATCGACCAAGTTAG EKFRRPFMILQIT AAGAATGATGGTTAACACTACTATCA SLVISCCRMLLLS ACTACGCTACTCAATTGGGTGCTTGT IFHSSQFLDFYVF TTGATCATGTTGGTTGTTTTGTTGGT WGDDHSRIPRSAY TATGGTTCCAAAGGAAAAGTTCAGAA APSVAGNTMSLCL GACCATTCATGATCTTGCAAATCACT VISVETMLMSQAW TCTTTGGTTATCTCTTGTTGTAGAAT TMVRLWPNVWKYI GTTGTTGTTGTCTATCTTCCACTCTT IAGVSLIVSIMAI CTCAATTCTTGGACTTCTACGTTTTC SVRLAYTIIQNNA TGGGGTGACGACCACTCTAGAATCCC VLKLEPAFHMFWL AAGATCTGCTTACGCTCCATCTGTTG IKWTVIMNVASIS CTGGTAACACTATGTCTTTGTGTTTG WWCAIFNIKLVWH GTTATCTCTGTTGAAACTATGTTGAT LISNRGILPSYKT GTCTCAAGCTTGGACTATGGTTAGAT FTPMEVLIMTNGI TGTGGCCAAACGTTTGGAAGTACATC LMIIPVIFASLEW ATCGCTGGTGTTTCTTTGATCGTTTC AHFVNFESASLTL TATCATGGCTATCTCTGTTAGATTGG TSVAVILPLGTLA CTTACACTATCATCCAAAACAACGCT AQRIASSAPSSAN GTTTTGAAGTTGGAACCAGCTTTCCA STGASSGIRYGVS CATGTTCTGGTTGATCAAGTGGACTG GPSSFTGFKAPSF TTATCATGAACGTTGCTTCTATCTCT STGTTDRPHVSIY TGGTGGTGTGCTATCTTCAACATCAA ARCEAGTSSREHI GTTGGTTTGGCACTTGATCTCTAACA NPQGVELAKLDPE GAGGTATCTTGCCATCTTACAAGACT TDHHVRVDRAFLQ TTCACTCCAATGGAAGTTTTGATCAT REERIRAPL GACTAACGGTATCTTGATGATCATCC CAGTTATCTTCGCTTCTTTGGAATGG GCTCACTTCGTTAACTTCGAATCTGC TTCTTTGACTTTGACTTCTGTTGCTG TTATCTTGCCATTGGGTACTTTGGCT GCTCAAAGAATCGCTTCTTCTGCTCC ATCTTCTGCTAACTCTACTGGTGCTT CTTCTGGTATCAGATACGGTGTTTCT GGTCCATCTTCTTTCACTGGTTTCAA GGCTCCATCTTTCTCTACTGGTACTA CTGACAGACCACACGTTTCTATCTAC GCTAGATGTGAAGCTGGTACTTCTTC TAGAGAACACATCAACCCACAAGGTG TTGAATTGGCTAAGTTGGACCCAGAA ACTGACCACCACGTTAGAGTTGACAG AGCTTTCTTGCAAAGAGAAGAAAGAA TCAGAGCTCCATTGTAG Magnaporthe QWCPRR MDQTLSATGTATS (codon optimized) oryzea GQPCW PPGPALTVDPRFQ ATGGACCAAACTTTGTCTGCTACTGG TITMLTPALMGQG TACTGCTACTTCTCCACCAGGTCCAG FEEVQTTPAEIND CTTTGACTGTTGACCCAAGATTCCAA VYFLAFNTAIGYS ACTATCACTATGTTGACTCCAGCTTT TQIGACFIMLLVL GATGGGTCAAGGTTTCGAAGAAGTTC LTMTAKARFARIP AAACTACTCCAGCTGAAATCAACGAC TIINTAALVVSII GTTTACTTCTTGGCTTTCAACACTGC RCTLLVIFFTSTM TATCGGTTACTCTACTCAAATCGGTG MEFYTIFSDDFSF CTTGTTTCATCATGTTGTTGGTTTTG VHPNDIRRSVAAT TTGACTATGACTGCTAAGGCTAGATT VFAPLQLALVEAA CGCTAGAATCCCAACTATCATCAACA LMVQAWAMVELWP CTGCTGCTTTGGTTGTTTCTATCATC RAWKVSGIAFSLI AGATGTACTTTGTTGGTTATCTTCTT LATVTVAFKCASA CACTTCTACTATGATGGAATTCTACA AVTVKSALEPLDP CTATCTTCTCTGACGACTTCTCTTTC RPYLWIRQTDLAF GTTCACCCAAACGACATCAGAAGATC TTAMVTWFCFLFN TGTTGCTGCTACTGTTTTCGCTCCAT VRLIMHMWQNRSI TGCAATTGGCTTTGGTTGAAGCTGCT LPTVKGLSPMEVL TTGATGGTTCAAGCTTGGGCTATGGT VMANGLLMVFPVL TGAATTGTGGCCAAGAGCTTGGAAGG FAGLYYGNFGQFE TTTCTGGTATCGCTTTCTCTTTGATC SASLTITSVVLVL TTGGCTACTGTTACTGTTGCTTTCAA PLGTLVAQRLAVN GTGTGCTTCTGCTGCTGTTACTGTTA NTVAGSSANTDMD AGTCTGCTTTGGAACCATTGGACCCA DKLAFLGNATTVT AGACCATACTTGTGGATCAGACAAAC SSAAGFAGSSASA TGACTTGGCTTTCACTACTGCTATGG TRSRLASPRQNSQ TTACTTGGTTCTGTTTCTTGTTCAAC LSTSVSAGKPRAD GTTAGATTGATCATGCACATGTGGCA PIDLELQRIDDED AAACAGATCTATCTTGCCAACTGTTA DDFSRSGSAGGVR AGGGTTTGTCTCCAATGGAAGTTTTG VERSIERREERL GTTATGGCTAACGGTTTGTTGATGGT TTTCCCAGTTTTGTTCGCTGGTTTGT ACTACGGTAACTTCGGTCAATTCGAA TCTGCTTCTTTGACTATCACTTCTGT TGTTTTGGTTTTGCCATTGGGTACTT TGGTTGCTCAAAGATTGGCTGTTAAC AACACTGTTGCTGGTTCTTCTGCTAA CACTGACATGGACGACAAGTTGGCTT TCTTGGGTAACGCTACTACTGTTACT TCTTCTGCTGCTGGTTTCGCTGGTTC TTCTGCTTCTGCTACTAGATCTAGAT TGGCTTCTCCAAGACAAAACTCTCAA TTGTCTACTTCTGTTTCTGCTGGTAA GCCAAGAGCTGACCCAATCGACTTGG AATTGCAAAGAATCGACGACGAAGAC GACGACTTCTCTAGATCTGGTTCTGC TGGTGGTGTTAGAGTTGAAAGATCTA TCGAAAGAAGAGAAGAAAGATTGTAG Botrytis WCGRPG MASNSSNFDPLTQ (codon optimized) cinerea QPC SITILMADGITTV ATGGCTTCTAACTCTTCTAACTTCGA SFTPLDIDFFYYY CCCATTGACTCAATCTATCACTATCT NVACCINYGAQAG TGATGGCTGACGGTATCACTACTGTT ACLLMFFVVVVLT TCTTTCACTCCATTGGACATCGACTT KAVKRKTLLFVLN CTTCTACTACTACAACGTTGCTTGTT VLSLIFGFLRAML GTATCAACTACGGTGCTCAAGCTGGT YAIYFLQGFNDFY GCTTGTTTGTTGATGTTCTTCGTTGT AAFTFDFSRVPRS TGTTGTTTTGACTAAGGCTGTTAAGA SYASSVAGSVIPL GAAAGACTTTGTTGTTCGTTTTGAAC CMTITVNMSLYLQ GTTTTGTCTTTGATCTTCGGTTTCTT AYTVCKNLDDIKR GAGAGCTATGTTGTACGCTATCTACT IILTTLSAIVALL TCTTGCAAGGTTTCAACGACTTCTAC AIGFRFAATVVNS GCTGCTTTCACTTTCGACTTCTCTAG VAILATSASSVPM AGTTCCAAGATCTTCTTACGCTTCTT QWLVKGTLVTETI CTGTTGCTGGTTCTGTTATCCCATTG SIWFFSLIFTGKL TGTATGACTATCACTGTTAACATGTC VWTLYNRRRNGWR TTTGTACTTGCAAGCTTACACTGTTT QWSAVRILAAMGG GTAAGAACTTGGACGACATCAAGAGA CTMVIPSIFAILE ATCATCTTGACTACTTTGTCTGCTAT YVTPVSFPEAGSI CGTTGCTTTGTTGGCTATCGGTTTCA ALTSVALLLPISS GATTCGCTGCTACTGTTGTTAACTCT LWAGMVTDEETSA GTTGCTATCTTGGCTACTTCTGCTTC IDVSNLTGSRTML TTCTGTTCCAATGCAATGGTTGGTTA GSQSGNFSRKTHA AGGGTACTTTGGTTACTGAAACTATC SDITAQSSHLDFS TCTATCTGGTTCTTCTCTTTGATCTT SRKGSNATMMRKG CACTGGTAAGTTGGTTTGGACTTTGT SNAMDQVTTIDCV ACAACAGAAGAAGAAACGGTTGGAGA VEDNQANRGLRDS CAATGGTCTGCTGTTAGAATCTTGGC TEMDLEAMGVRVN TGCTATGGGTGGTTGTACTATGGTTA KSYGVQKA TCCCATCTATCTTCGCTATCTTGGAA TACGTTACTCCAGTTTCTTTCCCAGA AGCTGGTTCTATCGCTTTGACTTCTG TTGCTTTGTTGTTGCCAATCTCTTCT TTGTGGGCTGGTATGGTTACTGACGA AGAAACTTCTGCTATCGACGTTTCTA ACTTGACTGGTTCTAGAACTATGTTG GGTTCTCAATCTGGTAACTTCTCTAG AAAGACTCACGCTTCTGACATCACTG CTCAATCTTCTCACTTGGACTTCTCT TCTAGAAAGGGTTCTAACGCTACTAT GATGAGAAAGGGTTCTAACGCTATGG ACCAAGTTACTACTATCGACTGTGTT GTTGAAGACAACCAAGCTAACAGAGG TTTGAGAGACTCTACTGAAATGGACT TGGAAGCTATGGGTGTTAGAGTTAAC AAGTCTTACGGTGTTCAAAAGGCTTA G Lodderomyces WMWTRY MDEAINANLVSGD (wild type) elongisporous GRFSPV IIVSFNIPGLPEP ATGGACGAAGCAATCAATGCAAACCT VQVPFSEFDSFHK TGTTTCTGGAGATATTATAGTCTCTT DQLIGVIILGVTI TTAACATTCCTGGTTTGCCAGAACCG GACSLLLILLLGM GTACAAGTGCCATTCAGCGAATTTGA LYKSREKYWKSLL TTCGTTTCATAAAGACCAGCTCATTG FMLNVCILAATIL GAGTCATCATTCTTGGAGTCACTATT RSGCFLDYYLSDL GGAGCATGCTCGCTTTTGTTGATATT ASISYTFTGVYNG GCTACTTGGAATGTTATACAAGAGCC TSFASSDAANVFK GTGAAAAGTATTGGAAATCACTATTA TIMFALIETSLTF TTTATGCTCAATGTATGCATCTTGGC QVYVMFQGTTWKN TGCCACAATCTTAAGGAGCGGTTGCT WGHAVTALSGLLS TCTTAGACTATTATCTAAGTGATTTG VASVAFQIYTTIL GCCAGTATCAGTTATACATTTACTGG SHNNFNATISGTG AGTATACAATGGTACCAGCTTTGCTA TLTSGVWMDLPTL GCTCTGACGCGGCAAATGTGTTCAAG LFAASINFMTILL ACTATTATGTTTGCCTTGATTGAAAC LFKLGMAIRQRRY TTCGTTAACCTTTCAAGTGTATGTCA LGLKQFDGFHILF TGTTTCAAGGGACCACTTGGAAAAAT IMFTQTLFTPSIL TGGGGCCATGCTGTCACTGCATTATC LVIHYFYQAMSGP GGGTCTCTTGTCTGTTGCCTCAGTGG FIINMALFLVVAF CGTTCCAGATCTACACCACGATTTTA LPLSSLWAQTANT TCCCACAATAATTTCAATGCTACAAT TKKIESSPSMSFI CTCGGGAACCGGTACATTAACTTCAG TRRKSEDESPLAA GTGTTTGGATGGACTTACCAACACTC NDEDRLRKFTTTL TTGTTTGCCGCAAGTATCAATTTTAT DLSGNKNNTTNNN GACCATTTTGTTGTTATTTAAGTTGG NNSNNINNNMSNI GAATGGCCATTAGACAAAGAAGGTAT NYPSTGLGEDDKS TTAGGTTTAAAACAGTTTGATGGGTT FIFEMEPSRERAA CCATATCTTATTCATCATGTTTACCC IEEIDLGARIDTG AAACATTGTTCATACCCTCGATTTTG LPRDLEKFLVDGF CTTGTGATCCACTACTTTTACCAGGC DDSDDGEGMIARE AATGTCTGGACCATTCATCATCAACA VTMLKK TGGCGTTGTTCTTGGTGGTGGCATTC (SEQ ID NO: 52) TTGCCATTGAGTTCATTATGGGCACA AACTGCAAACACTACTAAAAAGATTG AATCTTCGCCAAGTATGAGCTTTATT ACTAGACGAAAATCAGAGGATGAGTC ACCACTGGCTGCTAACGACGAGGATA GGTTACGAAAATTCACCACAACTTTG GATTTGTCGGGCAACAAGAACAATAC AACAAACAATAATAACAATAGCAACA ACATTAACAACAATATGAGCAACATC AACTACCCTTCTACAGGACTGGGAGA AGACGATAAATCCTTTATATTTGAGA TGGAACCCAGTCGGGAAAGAGCTGCA ATAGAAGAGATTGATCTTGGAGCAAG GATCGATACCGGTTTGCCCAGAGATT TAGAGAAATTTCTAGTTGATGGGTTT GACGATAGTGATGACGGAGAAGGAAT GATAGCCAGAGAAGTGACTATGTTGA AAAAATAG (SEQ ID NO: 53) Penicillium WCGHIG MATSSPIQPFDPF (codon optimized) rubens QGC TQNVTFRLQDGTE ATGGCTACCTCTTCCCCAATCCAACC FPVSVKALDVFVM ATTTGACCCATTCACCCAAAACGTTA YNVRVCINYGCQF CCTTCCGTTTGCAAGACGGTACCGAA GASFVLLVILVLL TTCCCAGTTTCTGTCAAGGCTTTGGA TQSDKRRSAVFIL CGTCTTCGTCATGTACAACGTTAGAG NGLALFLNSSRLL TCTGTATTAACTACGGTTGTCAATTC FQVIHFSTAFEQV GGTGCCTCCTTCGTCTTGTTAGTCAT YPYVSGDYSSVPW TTTAGTCTTGTTAACTCAATCCGACA SAYAISIVAVVLT AGAGAAGATCTGCTGTCTTCATTTTG TLVVVCIEASLVI AACGGTTTGGCTTTGTTCTTGAACTC QVHVVCSTLRRRY TTCTAGATTGTTGTTTCAAGTTATTC RHPLLAISILVAL ACTTCTCCACTGCCTTCGAACAAGTC VPIGFRCAWMVAN TACCCATACGTCTCTGGTGACTACTC CKAIIKLTYTNDV CTCTGTCCCATGGTCCGCTTACGCTA WWIESATNICVTI TCTCCATTGTCGCTGTTGTTTTGACT SICFFCVIFVTKL ACCTTGGTCGTTGTTTGTATCGAAGC GFAIKQRRRLGVR TTCTTTGGTTATTCAAGTTCACGTTG EFGPMKVIFVMGC TCTGTTCCACCTTGAGACGTAGATAC QTMVVPAIFSITQ AGACACCCATTATTAGCTATTTCTAT YYVVVPEFSSNVV TTTGGTCGCTTTGGTTCCAATCGGTT TLVVISLPLSSIW TCAGATGTGCTTGGATGGTCGCTAAC AGAVLENARRTGS TGTAAGGCTATTATTAAATTGACCTA QDRQRRRNLWRAL CACCAACGACGTTTGGTGGATCGAAT VGGAESLLSPTKD CTGCTACTAACATCTGTGTCACTATC SPTSLSAMTAAQT TCCATCTGTTTCTTCTGTGTTATCTT LCYSDHTMSKGSP CGTTACCAAGTTGGGTTTCGCCATCA TSRDTDAFYGISV AGCAAAGAAGAAGATTGGGTGTTAGA EHDISINRVQRNN GAATTCGGTCCAATGAAGGTTATTTT SIV CGTCATGGGTTGTCAAACTATGGTTG (SEQ ID NO: 54) TTCCAGCTATTTTCTCCATCACCCAA TACTACGTCGTCGTCCCAGAATTCTC CTCTAACGTCGTTACTTTGGTTGTCA TTTCTTTACCATTATCTTCCATTTGG GCCGGTGCTGTCTTGGAAAACGCTAG AAGAACCGGTTCCCAAGATAGACAAA GAAGACGTAACTTGTGGAGAGCTTTG GTTGGTGGTGCTGAATCCTTGTTATC CCCAACTAAGGACTCTCCAACCTCTT TGTCTGCTATGACTGCTGCTCAAACC TTATGTTACTCTGATCACACCATGTC CAAGGGTTCTCCAACTTCCAGAGACA CCGATGCTTTCTACGGTATCTCCGTT GAACACGACATCTCCATTAACAGAGT TCAACGTAACAACTCCATCGTCTAG (SEQ ID NO: 55) Candida KKNSRFL MKSCSIGFGIPFI (codon optimized) guilliermondii TYWFFQP NEPNFETVSILTM ATGAAGTCCTGCTCCATCGGTTTCGG IM DVSFIDADVNPDN TATCCCATTCATTAATGAACCAAACT ILLNFTIPGYQNG TCGAAACTGTTTCTATTTTGACCATG FSVPMVVINELQK GACGTTTCTTTCATTGACGCTGACGT SQMKYAIVYGCGV CAATCCTGACAATATCTTGTTGAACT GASLILLFVVWIL TCACCATTCCTGGTTACCAAAACGGT CSRKTPLFIMNNI TTCTCTGTTCCAATGGTTGTTATTAA PLVLYVISSSLNL CGAATTGCAAAAGTCTCAAATGAAAT AYITGPLSSVSVF ACGCTATTGTTTACGGTTGTGGTGTC LTGILTSHDAINV GGTGCCTCCTTGATTTTGTTGTTTGT VYASNALQMLLIF CGTCTGGATTTTGTGTTCTAGAAAGA SIQSTMAYHVYVM CTCCATTGTTTATCATGAACAACATT FKSPQIKYLRYML CCATTAGTTTTGTACGTCATCTCCTC VGFLGCLQIVTTC TTCTTTGAACTTGGCTTACATTACCG LYINYNVLYSRRM GTCCATTGTCTTCTGTTTCCGTCTTC HKLYETGQTYQDG TTGACCGGTATCTTGACTTCTCACGA TVMTFVPFILFQC TGCCATTAACGTCGTTTACGCTTCCA SVNFSSIFLVLKL ACGCTTTGCAAATGTTGTTGATCTTT IMAIRTRRYLGLR TCTATCCAATCTACCATGGCCTACCA QFGGFHILMIVSL CGTTTACGTTATGTTCAAATCTCCAC QTMLVPSILVLVN AAATTAAATACTTGAGATACATGTTA YAAHKAVPSNLLS GTCGGTTTCTTGGGTTGTTTACAAAT SVSMMIIVLSLPA TGTCACCACCTGTTTATACATCAACT SSMWAAAANASSA ACAATGTTTTGTACTCTCGTAGAATG PSSAASSLFRYTT CACAAATTGTACGAAACTGGTCAAAC SDSDRTLETKSDH CTACCAAGATGGTACCGTTATGACTT FIMKHESHNSSPN TCGTTCCATTCATCTTGTTCCAATGT SSPLTLVQKRISD TCTGTCAACTTCTCTTCTATTTTCTT ATLELPKELEDLI GGTTTTGAAGTTGATTATGGCCATTA DSTSI GAACCAGACGTTACTTGGGTTTGCGT (SEQ ID NO: 56) CAATTCGGTGGTTTTCATATTTTGAT GATCGTTTCTTTACAAACTATGTTGG TCCCATCTATTTTGGTTTTGGTTAAC TACGCCGCTCATAAGGCTGTTCCTTC CAACTTGTTATCTTCCGTTTCTATGA TGATCATTGTTTTGTCTTTACCAGCT TCTTCTATGTGGGCCGCTGCTGCTAA CGCCTCTTCTGCCCCTTCCTCCGCTG CTTCCTCCTTGTTCAGATACACCACT TCTGATTCCGATAGAACTTTGGAAAC TAAATCTGACCACTTCATCATGAAGC ATGAGTCCCACAACTCTTCTCCAAAT TCCTCCCCATTGACTTTGGTTCAAAA GAGAATTTCTGATGCCACCTTAGAAT TACCAAAAGAGTTAGAAGACTTGATC GACTCCACCTCCATCTAG (SEQ ID NO: 57) Candida KFKFRLT MDINNTIQSSGDI (codon optimized) tropicalis RYGWFSP IITYTIPGIEEPF ATGGACATCAACAACACCATCCAATC N ELPFEVLNHFQSE TTCCGGTGACATCATCATTACCTACA QSKNCLVMGVMIG CCATCCCAGGTATCGAAGAACCATTC SCSVLLIFLVGIL GAATTGCCATTCGAAGTTTTGAACCA FKTNKFSTIGKSK CTTCCAATCTGAACAATCCAAGAACT NLSKNFLFYLNCL GTTTGGTCATGGGTGTTATGATCGGT ITFIGIIRAACFS TCTTGTTCCGTTTTGTTGATCTTCTT NYLLGPLNSASFA GGTCGGTATTTTGTTCAAAACCAACA FTGWYNGESYASS AATTCTCTACTATTGGTAAGTCTAAG EAANGFRVILFAL AACTTGTCTAAGAACTTCTTGTTCTA IETSMVFQVFVMF CTTGAACTGTTTGATCACCTTCATCG RGAGMKKLAYSVT GTATCATTCGTGCTGCCTGTTTTTCT ILCTALALVVVGF AACTACTTGTTGGGTCCATTGAACTC QINSAVLSHRRFV TGCTTCTTTCGCTTTCACTGGTTGGT NTVNEIGDTGLSS ACAACGGTGAATCTTACGCTTCTTCC IWLDLPTILFSVS GAAGCTGCTAACGGTTTCAGAGTCAT VNLMSVLLIGKLI CTTGTTCGCTTTGATTGAAACTTCTA MAIKTRRYLGLKQ TGGTCTTCCAAGTTTTCGTTATGTTC FDSFHVLLICSTQ AGAGGTGCTGGTATGAAAAAGTTGGC TLLVPSLILFVHY TTACTCCGTTACCATTTTGTGTACCG FLFFRNANVMLIN CTTTGGCTTTGGTCGTTGTTGGTTTC ISILLIVLMLPFS CAAATTAACTCCGCTGTCTTATCTCA SLWAQTANTTQYI CAGAAGATTCGTCAACACCGTTAACG NSSPSFSFISREP AAATTGGTGATACTGGTTTGTCCTCC SANSTLHSSSGHY ATTTGGTTGGACTTGCCAACCATCTT SEKSYGINKLNTQ GTTCTCCGTCTCTGTCAACTTAATGT GSSPATLKDDHNS CTGTTTTGTTGATCGGTAAATTGATC VILEATNPMSGFD ATGGCTATTAAGACTAGAAGATACTT AQLPPDIARFLQD GGGTTTGAAACAATTCGATTCCTTCC DIRIEPSSTQDFV ACGTTTTGTTAATTTGTTCCACTCAA STEVTYKKV ACTTTGTTGGTCCCATCTTTAATCTT (SEQ ID NO: 58) GTTCGTTCACTACTTCTTGTTCTTTA GAAACGCCAACGTTATGTTGATTAAC ATTTCCATCTTGTTGATCGTCTTGAT GTTGCCATTCTCTTCCTTGTGGGCTC AAACCGCCAACACCACCCAATACATC AACTCTTCCCCATCCTTCTCTTTCAT CTCTAGAGAACCATCTGCTAACTCTA CTTTGCACTCCTCTTCCGGTCACTAC TCTGAAAAGTCCTACGGTATTAACAA ATTGAACACCCAAGGTTCTTCCCCAG CCACCTTAAAGGATGATCACAACTCC GTCATCTTGGAAGCTACCAACCCAAT GTCTGGTTTCGACGCCCAATTGCCAC CAGACATTGCTAGATTCTTGCAAGAT GACATCAGAATTGAACCATCTTCTAC CCAAGATTTCGTTTCCACTGAAGTCA CCTACAAGAAGGTCTAG (SEQ ID NO: 59) Candida KPHWTT MNKIVSKLSSSDV (codon optimized) parapsilosis YGYYEPQ IVTVTIPNEEDGT ATGAACAAGATTGTCTCCAAGTTGTC YEVPFYAIDNYHY TTCTTCTGACGTCATCGTTACCGTCA SRMENAVVLGATI CCATCCCAAACGAAGAAGATGGTACT GACSMLLIMLIGI TACGAAGTCCCATTCTACGCTATTGA LFKNFQRLRKSLL CAACTACCACTACTCCCGTATGGAAA FNINFAILLMLIL ACGCTGTTGTTTTAGGTGCTACCATT RSACYINYLMNNL GGTGCTTGTTCTATGTTGTTGATCAT SSISFFFTGIFDD GTTGATTGGTATTTTGTTCAAGAACT ESFMSSDAANAFK TCCAAAGATTGAGAAAGTCTTTGTTG VILVALIEVSLTY TTCAACATCAACTTCGCTATCTTATT QIYVMFKTPMLKS GATGTTGATTTTGAGATCCGCTTGTT WGIFASVLAGVLG ACATCAACTACTTGATGAACAACTTG LATLATQIYTTVM TCTTCCATTTCTTTCTTCTTCACCGG SHVNFVNGTTGSP TATTTTCGATGATGAATCTTTCATGT SQVTSAWMDMPTI CTTCCGACGCTGCCAACGCCTTCAAG LFSVSINVLSMFL GTTATCTTGGTTGCCTTGATTGAAGT VCKLGLAIRTRRY TTCCTTGACCTACCAAATTTACGTTA LGLKQFDAFHILF TGTTCAAGACCCCAATGTTGAAGTCC IMSTQTMIIPSII TGGGGTATTTTCGCCTCTGTCTTGGC LFVHYFDQNDSQT CGGTGTTTTGGGTTTGGCTACTTTGG TLVNISLLLVVIS CTACCCAAATCTACACTACCGTTATG LPLSSLWAQTANN TCTCACGTTAACTTCGTCAACGGTAC VRRIDTSPSMSFI CACCGGTTCTCCATCTCAAGTTACTT SREASNRSGNETL CCGCTTGGATGGACATGCCAACTATC HSGATISKYNTSN TTATTCTCCGTTTCTATTAACGTTTT TVNTTPGTSKDDS GTCTATGTTCTTGGTTTGTAAGTTGG LFILDRSIPEQRI GTTTGGCCATCAGAACCAGACGTTAC VDTGLPKDLEKFI TTGGGTTTAAAGCAATTCGACGCTTT NNDFYEDDGGMIA CCACATTTTATTCATTATGTCCACTC REVTMLKTAHNNQ AAACCATGATCATTCCATCCATCATC (SEQ ID NO: 60) TTGTTCGTTCACTACTTCGATCAAAA CGACTCTCAAACCACCTTGGTCAACA TCTCTTTGTTATTGGTCGTCATTTCC TTGCCATTGTCTTCTTTGTGGGCTCA AACTGCTAACAACGTTAGAAGAATTG ACACTTCTCCATCCATGTCCTTCATC TCTAGAGAAGCTTCCAACAGATCTGG TAACGAAACCTTGCACTCTGGTGCTA CTATCTCTAAGTACAACACCTCCAAC ACCGTTAACACTACCCCAGGTACTTC TAAGGATGACTCTTTGTTCATCTTGG ACAGATCCATTCCAGAACAAAGAATT GTCGACACTGGTTTGCCAAAGGACTT GGAAAAGTTCATTAACAACGATTTTT ACGAAGACGATGGTGGTATGATTGCC AGAGAAGTCACCATGTTGAAGACCGC TCACAACAACCAATAG (SEQ ID NO: 61) Geotrichum GDWGWF MAEDSIFPNNSTS (codon optimized) candidum WYVPRP PLTNPIVVETIKG ATGGCCGAAGACTCCATCTTCCCAAA GDPAM TAYIPLHYLDDLQ CAACTCCACCTCTCCATTGACCAACC YEKMLLASLFSVR CAATTGTTGTTGAAACCATTAAGGGT IATSFVVIIWYFV ACCGCTTACATTCCATTACACTACTT AVNKAKRSKFLYI GGATGATTTGCAATACGAAAAGATGT VNQVSLLIVFIQS TGTTGGCTTCCTTGTTCTCCGTTAGA ILSLIYVFSNFSK ATTGCTACTTCCTTCGTTGTTATTAT MSTILTGDYTGIT TTGGTACTTCGTCGCTGTCAACAAGG KRDINVSCVASVF CTAAGAGATCTAAGTTTTTGTACATT QFLFIACIELALF GTCAACCAAGTTTCTTTGTTGATCGT IQATVVFQKSVRW TTTTATCCAATCCATTTTGTCTTTGA LKFSVSLIQGSVA TTTACGTCTTCTCCAACTTCTCCAAG LTTTALYMAIIVQ ATGTCTACCATTTTGACCGGTGATTA SIYATLNPYAGNL CACCGGTATCACTAAGAGAGACATTA IKGRFGYLLASLG ACGTCTCTTGTGTTGCCTCCGTTTTC KIFFSISVTSCMC CAATTCTTGTTCATCGCTTGTATCGA IFVGKLVFAIHQR ATTGGCTTTGTTCATCCAAGCTACTG RTLGIKQFDGLQI TCGTTTTCCAAAAATCTGTTAGATGG LVIMSTQSMIIPT TTGAAGTTTTCCGTTTCTTTGATCCA IIVLMSFLRRNAG AGGTTCCGTCGCTTTGACTACTACCG SVYTMATLLVALS CCTTGTACATGGCCATTATTGTCCAA LPLSSLWAEAKTT TCCATCTACGCTACTTTGAACCCATA RDSASYTAYRPSG CGCTGGTAACTTGATTAAAGGTCGTT SPNNRSLFAIFSD TCGGTTACTTATTAGCTTCTTTGGGT RLACGSGRNNRHD AAGATTTTCTTCTCTATTTCTGTTAC DDSRGNGSVNARK TTCTTGTATGTGTATCTTCGTTGGTA ADVESTIEMSSCY AGTTGGTCTTTGCTATTCACCAAAGA TDSPTYSKFEAGL AGAACTTTGGGTATTAAGCAATTCGA DARGIVFYNEHGL CGGTTTGCAAATTTTGGTCATTATGT PVVSGEVGGSSSN CTACTCAATCCATGATCATCCCAACT GTKLGSGHKYEVN ATTATCGTCTTGATGTCTTTTTTGAG TTVVLSDVDSPSP ACGTAACGCTGGTTCTGTTTACACCA TDVTRK TGGCTACCTTGTTGGTCGCTTTGTCC (SEQ ID NO: 62) TTGCCATTGTCCTCCTTGTGGGCTGA AGCCAAGACTACCAGAGACTCTGCTT CTTACACCGCTTACAGACCATCTGGT TCTCCAAACAACCGTTCTTTGTTCGC CATCTTCTCTGATAGATTGGCTTGTG GTTCTGGTAGAAACAACAGACACGAT GATGATTCTAGAGGTAACGGTTCTGT TAACGCCAGAAAGGCTGACGTCGAAT CTACTATCGAAATGTCCTCTTGTTAC ACTGATTCCCCAACCTACTCCAAGTT CGAAGCTGGTTTGGACGCTAGAGGTA TCGTCTTCTACAACGAACACGGTTTG CCAGTTGTCTCCGGTGAAGTTGGTGG TTCTTCCTCCAACGGTACTAAGTTGG GTTCTGGTCATAAGTACGAAGTCAAC ACTACTGTTGTTTTGTCTGATGTTGA CTCTCCATCTCCAACCGACGTCACCC GTAAGTAG (SEQ ID NO: 63) Zygosaccharomyces HLVRLSP MSGLANNTSYNPL (codon optimized) bailii GAAMF ESFIIFTSVYGGD ATGTCTGGTTTGGCTAACAACACCTC TMVKFEDLQLVFT TTACAACCCATTGGAATCTTTCATTA KRITEGILFGVKV TTTTCACTTCTGTTTACGGTGGTGAT GAASLTMIVMWMI ACCATGGTTAAGTTCGAAGACTTGCA SRRRTSPIFIMNQ ATTAGTCTTCACCAAGCGTATTACTG LSLVFTILHASFY AAGGTATTTTGTTCGGTGTCAAGGTT FKYLLDGFGSIVY GGTGCCGCTTCTTTGACTATGATTGT TLTLFPQLITSSD TATGTGGATGATTTCCAGAAGAAGAA LHVFATANVVEVL CCTCCCCAATCTTCATCATGAACCAA LVSSIEASLVFQV TTGTCTTTGGTTTTCACCATCTTGCA NVMFAGSNHRKFA CGCTTCTTTTTACTTTAAGTACTTAT WLLVGFSLGLALA TGGACGGTTTCGGTTCTATTGTCTAC TVALYFVTAVKMI ACTTTGACCTTGTTCCCACAATTAAT ASAYASQPPTNPI TACTTCCTCTGACTTGCACGTTTTCG YFNVSLFLLAASV CTACTGCTAACGTTGTTGAAGTCTTA FLMTLMLTVKLIL TTGGTTTCTTCCATCGAAGCCTCTTT AIRSRRFLGLKQF GGTTTTCCAAGTCAACGTCATGTTCG DSFHILLIMSCQT CTGGTTCTAACCACAGAAAGTTCGCT LIAPSVLYILGFI TGGTTGTTGGTCGGTTTCTCTTTGGG LDHRKGNDYLITV TTTGGCTTTGGCCACTGTCGCTTTGT AQLLVVLSLPLSS ACTTCGTTACTGCTGTCAAGATGATC MWATTANDASSGT GCTTCCGCTTACGCTTCTCAACCACC SMSSKESVYGSDS AACTAACCCAATCTACTTCAACGTTT LYSKSKCSQFTRT CCTTGTTCTTGTTGGCTGCCTCCGTT FMNRFSTKPTKND TTCTTGATGACTTTAATGTTGACCGT EISDSAFVAVDSL CAAGTTGATCTTGGCTATCAGATCCA EKNAPQGISEHVC GAAGATTCTTGGGTTTGAAGCAATTC EFPQSDLSDQATS GACTCTTTCCACATTTTGTTGATTAT ISSRKKEAVVYAS GTCTTGTCAAACTTTGATCGCTCCAT TVDEDKGSFSSDI CTGTTTTGTACATCTTGGGTTTTATT NGYTVTNMPLASA TTGGATCACAGAAAGGGTAACGACTA ASANCENSPCHVP CTTGATTACCGTCGCTCAATTGTTGG RPYEENEGVVETR TCGTTTTGTCTTTGCCATTGTCCTCC KIILKKNVKW ATGTGGGCCACTACTGCTAACGATGC (SEQ ID NO: 64) TTCCTCCGGTACTTCTATGTCTTCCA AGGAATCCGTCTACGGTTCTGATTCC TTATACTCTAAGTCTAAGTGTTCCCA ATTCACCAGAACCTTCATGAACAGAT TCTCTACTAAGCCAACTAAGAACGAC GAAATTTCTGATTCCGCTTTCGTCGC TGTTGATTCCTTGGAAAAGAACGCTC CACAAGGTATCTCTGAACACGTTTGT GAATTCCCACAATCTGACTTATCTGA TCAAGCTACTTCCATCTCCTCCAGAA AAAAGGAAGCTGTTGTTTACGCTTCC ACTGTTGATGAAGATAAGGGTTCTTT CTCCTCTGACATCAACGGTTACACTG TTACCAACATGCCATTGGCTTCCGCT GCTTCTGCTAACTGTGAAAACTCCCC ATGTCACGTTCCAAGACCATACGAAG AAAACGAAGGTGTCGTCGAAACCAGA AAAATTATTTTGAAGAAGAACGTCAA ATGGTAG (SEQ ID NO: 65) Zygosaccharomyces HFIELDP MSEINNSTYNPMN (wild type) rouxii GQPMF AYVTFTSIYGDDT ATGAGTGAGATTAACAATTCTACCTA MVRFKDVELVVNK CAATCCAATGAATGCATATGTAACGT RVTEAIMFGVKVG TTACATCAATATATGGTGATGATACT AASLTLIIMWMIS ATGGTACGTTTCAAAGATGTGGAATT KKRTTPIFIINQS GGTAGTTAACAAAAGGGTTACAGAAG SLVFTIIHASLYF CCATTATGTTCGGCGTCAAAGTTGGT GYLLSGFGSIVYN GCAGCTTCGTTGACACTCATCATCAT MTSFPQLISSNDV GTGGATGATCTCTAAGAAAAGAACAA RVYAATNIFEVLL CACCGATATTTATCATAAATCAGTCT VASIEISLVFQVK TCGCTTGTATTTACCATAATACATGC VMFANNNGRRWTW TTCGCTTTATTTTGGGTACCTTTTGT CLMVVSIGMALAT CAGGATTTGGTAGTATAGTTTACAAT VGLYFATAVELIR ATGACATCGTTCCCGCAGTTAATAAG AAYSNDTVSRHVF CTCCAATGACGTTCGTGTGTACGCAG YNVSLILLASSVN CTACAAATATTTTTGAGGTCCTGTTG LMTLMLVVKLVLA GTAGCATCTATCGAAATCTCTCTGGT IRSRRFLGLKQFD TTTTCAGGTCAAAGTTATGTTTGCCA SFHILLIMSCQTL ACAATAATGGTCGAAGATGGACTTGG IAPSILFILGWTL TGTTTGATGGTAGTTTCCATAGGGAT DPHTGNEVLITVG GGCACTAGCTACTGTAGGACTTTATT QLLIVLSLPLSSM TTGCCACTGCCGTTGAGTTGATCAGA WATTANNTSSSSS GCTGCTTACAGCAATGATACTGTTAG SVSCNDSSFGNDN CCGCCATGTTTTTTACAATGTTTCTC LCSKSSQFRRTFM TGATCTTACTAGCGTCATCTGTCAAT NRFRPKSVNGDGN CTAATGACACTAATGCTAGTGGTAAA SENTFVTIDDLEK ATTAGTATTAGCGATCAGATCAAGAA SVFQELSTPVSGE GATTTTTGGGGTTAAAACAGTTTGAC SKIDHDHASSISC AGTTTCCACATATTACTTATAATGTC QKTCNHVHASTVN TTGCCAGACTCTAATAGCACCTTCCA SDKGSWSSDGSCG TTCTATTCATTTTGGGTTGGACCTTA SSPLRKTSTVNSE GACCCTCATACTGGTAATGAGGTTTT DLPPHILSAYDDD AATTACAGTTGGTCAATTGCTAATAG RGIVESKKIILKK TACTGTCATTACCGCTGTCATCTATG L TGGGCTACAACCGCTAACAATACCAG (SEQ ID NO: 66) TTCATCTAGTAGTTCGGTGTCCTGTA ATGACAGCTCTTTTGGTAATGACAAT CTCTGTTCCAAGAGTTCGCAATTTAG AAGAACTTTTATGAATAGATTCCGTC CCAAGTCGGTTAATGGTGACGGTAAT TCTGAAAATACCTTTGTTACAATTGA TGATTTGGAAAAAAGCGTTTTTCAAG AATTATCAACACCTGTTAGCGGAGAA TCAAAGATAGATCATGATCATGCAAG TAGTATTTCATGTCAAAAGACATGTA ATCATGTTCATGCTTCGACAGTGAAT TCAGATAAGGGATCTTGGTCCTCTGA TGGTAGTTGTGGCAGTTCTCCGTTAA GAAAGACTTCCACCGTTAATTCTGAA GATTTACCTCCACATATATTGAGCGC CTACGATGACGATCGAGGTATAGTAG AAAGTAAAAAAATTATCCTAAAGAAA TTATAG (SEQ ID NO: 67) Kluyveromyces WSWITLR MSEEIPSLNPLFY (wild type) lactis PGQPIF NETYNPLQSVLTY ATGTCAGAAGAGATACCCAGTTTGAA SSIYGDGTEITFQ CCCATTGTTCTACAATGAGACATATA QLQNLVHENITQA ATCCATTGCAGTCCGTCCTAACATAC IIFGTRIGAAGLA AGTTCAATTTACGGAGATGGGACTGA LIIMWMVSKNRKT AATAACATTTCAACAGCTACAAAATC PIFIINQSSLVLT TTGTCCATGAAAACATCACCCAAGCA IVQSALYLSYLLS ATTATTTTTGGAACAAGGATCGGCGC NFGGVPFALTLFP TGCTGGATTAGCGTTGATTATAATGT QMIGDRDKHLYGA GGATGGTCTCTAAGAATAGAAAGACG VTLIQCLLVACIE CCGATATTCATAATAAATCAGAGTTC VSLVFQVRVIFKA TTTGGTTCTTACAATTGTTCAATCTG DRYRKIGIILTGV CTTTATATCTATCATATTTGTTGAGC SASFGAATVAMWM AATTTTGGAGGAGTTCCCTTTGCTCT ITAIKSIIVVYDS AACTTTGTTCCCACAGATGATAGGCG PLNKVDTYYYNIA ACCGTGACAAACATCTTTACGGTGCC VILLACSINFITL GTGACTCTAATTCAATGTCTATTGGT LLSVKLFLAFRAR TGCGTGTATTGAGGTCTCGTTAGTCT RHLGLKQFDSFHI TTCAGGTAAGAGTCATTTTCAAAGCA LLIMSTQTLIGPS GATAGATATAGGAAGATAGGAATCAT VLYILAYALNNKG TTTGACTGGCGTCTCCGCTAGTTTTG VKSLTSIATLLVV GTGCTGCAACTGTAGCCATGTGGATG LSLPLTSIWAAAA ATTACTGCAATAAAATCTATTATTGT NDAPSASTFYRQF AGTGTATGATAGTCCATTGAACAAAG NPYSAQNRDDSSS TTGACACATATTATTACAACATAGCA YSYGKAFSDKYSF GTTATTTTACTTGCATGTTCAATAAA SNSPQTSDGCSSK TTTCATCACTCTTCTTCTATCAGTGA ELELSTQLEMDLE AACTTTTCCTGGCTTTCAGAGCTAGG SGESFMDRAKRSD AGACATTTAGGTTTGAAACAATTTGA FVSSPGSTDATVI CTCATTTCACATTCTACTCATCATGT KQLKASNIYTSET CTACTCAGACATTAATAGGTCCATCG DADEEARAFWVNA GTTTTGTATATTCTCGCCTACGCGCT IHENKDDGLMQSK GAACAATAAAGGAGTTAAGTCGTTGA TVFKELR CTTCTATTGCTACATTGCTTGTAGTT (SEQ ID NO: 68) CTTTCCCTACCTTTGACATCTATCTG GGCTGCTGCTGCAAATGATGCACCAA GTGCCAGTACTTTCTATCGCCAATTC AACCCTTACTCTGCACAAAATCGTGA TGATTCATCATCCTACTCTTATGGTA AAGCCTTTAGTGACAAATACTCTTTC AGTAACTCACCACAAACTTCGGATGG TTGTAGTTCAAAGGAACTTGAACTAT CTACACAGTTGGAGATGGATTTAGAG TCTGGCGAATCTTTTATGGATAGAGC AAAAAGGTCCGATTTTGTTTCTTCTC CAGGATCAACAGATGCAACAGTGATT AAACAATTGAAAGCTTCCAACATCTA TACCTCAGAAACAGATGCTGATGAAG AGGCAAGGGCATTTTGGGTGAATGCA ATTCATGAAAACAAAGATGACGGTTT AATGCAATCGAAAACCGTATTCAAAG AATTAAGATAG (SEQ ID NO: 69) Schizosaccharomyces TYADFLR MRQPWWKDFTIPD (wild type) pombe AYQSWNT ASAIIHQNITIVS ATGAGACAACCATGGTGGAAAGACTT FVNPDRP IVGEIEVPVSTID TACTATTCCCGATGCATCCGCAATTA NL AYERDRLLTGMTL TTCACCAAAATATTACCATTGTCTCT SAQLALGVLTILM ATTGTAGGAGAGATTGAAGTGCCAGT VCLLSSSEKRKHP TTCAACAATTGATGCATATGAAAGAG VFVFNSASIVAMC ATAGACTTTTAACTGGAATGACTTTG LRAILNIVTICSN TCTGCCCAACTTGCTTTAGGAGTCCT SYSILVNYGFILN TACCATTTTGATGGTTTGTCTATTGT MVHMYVHVFNILI CATCATCCGAAAAACGAAAACACCCA LLLAPVIIFTAEM GTTTTTGTTTTTAATTCGGCAAGTAT SMMIQVRIICAHD TGTTGCAATGTGTCTTCGGGCCATTT RKTQRIMTVISAC TGAATATAGTGACCATATGCAGCAAT LTVLVLAFWITNM AGCTACAGTATCCTGGTTAATTACGG CQQIQYLLWLTPL GTTTATCTTAAACATGGTTCATATGT SSKTIVGYSWPYF ATGTCCATGTGTTTAATATTTTAATT IAKILFAFSIIFH TTGTTGCTTGCACCGGTCATCATTTT SGVFSYKLFRAIL TACTGCTGAGATGAGCATGATGATTC IRKKIGQFPFGPM AAGTTCGTATAATTTGTGCACATGAT QCILVISCQCLIV AGAAAGACACAAAGGATAATGACTGT PATFTIIDSFIHT TATTAGTGCCTGCTTAACTGTTTTGG YDGFSSMTQCLLI TTCTCGCATTTTGGATTACTAACATG ISLPLSSLWASST TGTCAACAGATTCAGTATCTGTTATG ALKLQSMKTSSAQ GTTAACTCCACTTAGCAGCAAGACCA GETTEVSIRVDRT TTGTTGGATACTCTTGGCCCTACTTT FDIKHTPSDDYSI ATTGCTAAAATACTTTTTGCTTTTAG SDESETKKWT CATTATTTTTCACAGTGGTGTTTTTT (SEQ ID NO: 70) CATACAAACTCTTTCGTGCCATATTA ATACGGAAAAAAATTGGGCAATTTCC ATTTGGTCCGATGCAGTGTATTTTAG TTATTAGCTGCCAATGTCTTATTGTT CCAGCTACCTTTACTATAATAGATAG TTTTATCCATACGTATGATGGCTTTA GCTCTATGACTCAATGTCTGCTAATC ATTTCTCTTCCTCTTTCGAGTTTATG GGCGTCTAGTACAGCTCTGAAATTGC AAAGCATGAAAACTTCATCTGCGCAA GGAGAAACCACCGAGGTTTCGATTAG AGTTGATAGAACGTTTGATATCAAAC ATACTCCCAGTGACGATTATTCGATT TCTGATGAATCTGAAACTAAAAAGTG GACGTAG (SEQ ID NO: 71) Vanderwaltozyma WHWLELD MSSQSHPPLIDLF (wild type) polyspora NGQPIY YDSSYDPGESLIY ATGAGTTCCCAATCACACCCACCGCT (receptor 1) YTSIYGNNTYITF AATCGATTTATTTTACGATTCCAGTT DELQTIVNKKVTQ ATGACCCTGGTGAAAGTTTAATTTAT GILFGVRCGAAFL TACACATCCATCTATGGTAATAATAC MLVAMWLISKNKR ATACATAACTTTTGATGAACTCCAGA SRIFITNQCCLVF CGATAGTGAACAAGAAGGTCACACAA MIMHSGLYFRYLL GGTATCTTATTTGGTGTCAGATGTGG SRYGSVTFILTGF TGCTGCTTTCCTGATGTTGGTAGCAA QQLLTRNDIHIYG TGTGGTTGATTTCCAAAAATAAAAGA ATDFIQVALVACI TCTAGAATTTTCATTACCAACCAATG ELSLIFQIKVIFA TTGTCTGGTCTTCATGATAATGCATT GTNYGKLANYFIT CTGGTCTTTATTTTAGGTACCTGCTT LGSLLGLATFGMY TCAAGGTACGGTTCAGTTACTTTCAT MLTAINGTIKLYN TCTAACAGGGTTCCAACAACTGCTTA NEYDPNQRKYFNI CAAGAAATGACATTCATATTTATGGA STILLASSINMLT GCTACTGATTTTATCCAAGTAGCTTT LILILKLVAAIRT GGTAGCTTGCATAGAATTATCTCTTA RRYLGLKQFDSFH TTTTCCAAATAAAAGTGATATTCGCT ILLIMSTQTLIIP GGTACAAACTATGGTAAGTTGGCTAA SILFILSYSLRED TTATTTCATCACTCTAGGTTCATTAT MHTDQLIIIGNLI TGGGTTTAGCCACCTTTGGTATGTAC VVLSLPLSSMWAS ATGCTTACTGCTATTAACGGTACAAT SLNNSSKPTSLNT AAAATTATACAATAACGAATATGACC DFSGPKSSEEGTA CAAACCAAAGGAAATACTTTAACATT ISLLSQNMEPSIV TCTACAATATTGCTTGCATCATCAAT TKYTRRSPGLYPV TAATATGCTAACGCTGATACTTATAT SVGTPIEKEASYT TGAAGCTGGTGGCAGCAATTAGAACA LFEATDIDFESSS AGACGTTACTTAGGTTTGAAGCAATT NDITRTS CGATAGTTTTCACATCCTATTAATCA (SEQ ID NO: 72) TGTCGACTCAAACATTAATAATTCCT TCTATCTTATTTATTCTATCATACAG TTTGAGAGAGGATATGCATACTGATC AATTAATAATCATCGGAAATCTGATC GTGGTATTGTCATTACCATTGTCCTC AATGTGGGCTTCGTCTCTAAACAATT CAAGTAAACCTACATCTTTGAATACT GATTTCTCAGGGCCAAAATCAAGTGA AGAAGGGACAGCAATAAGTTTGCTAT CACAAAACATGGAACCATCAATAGTC ACTAAATATACAAGAAGATCACCTGG GTTATACCCAGTAAGCGTGGGTACAC CAATTGAAAAAGAAGCATCATACACT CTTTTTGAAGCTACTGACATTGATTT TGAAAGCAGTAGTAACGATATCACAA GGACTTCATAG (SEQ ID NO: 73) Vanderwaltozyma WHWLRL MSGIDDMGDKPDI (wild type) polyspora RYGEPIY LGLFYDANYDPGQ ATGTCAGGAATTGATGATATGGGTGA (receptor 2) GILTFISMYGNTT TAAACCAGATATTTTAGGTTTATTTT ITFDELQLEVNSL ATGATGCTAACTATGATCCAGGTCAA ITSGIMFGVRCGA GGTATACTCACATTTATTTCAATGTA ACLTLLIMWMISK CGGGAATACTACTATAACTTTTGATG NKKTPIFIINQCS AGTTACAGTTAGAGGTCAATAGTTTA LILIIMHSGLYFK ATTACAAGTGGTATTATGTTCGGCGT NILSNLNSLSYIL CAGATGTGGTGCTGCTTGTTTGACAT TGFTQNITKNNIH TGTTAATAATGTGGATGATTTCTAAG VFGAANIIQVLLV AATAAGAAGACTCCAATTTTTATTAT ATIELSLVFQIRV TAATCAATGCTCGCTAATCCTTATTA MFKGDSFRKAGYG TTATGCATTCAGGTTTATATTTTAAG LLSIASGLGIATV AATATTCTATCAAATTTGAATTCTTT VMYFYSAITNMIA ATCATATATCTTAACTGGGTTTACTC VYNQTYNSTAKLF AAAATATCACTAAAAATAATATACAT NVANILLSTSINF GTCTTTGGTGCCGCTAATATTATTCA MTVVLIVKLFLAV AGTTTTATTAGTAGCAACCATTGAAC RSRRYLGLKQFDS TGTCGTTAGTGTTTCAAATTCGAGTC FHILLIMSCQTLI ATGTTTAAAGGTGACAGTTTTAGAAA VPSILFILSYALS AGCTGGTTACGGTTTGTTGTCAATTG TKLYTDHLVVIAT CGTCTGGTTTGGGTATAGCTACTGTC LLVVLSLPLSSMW GTCATGTATTTTTACTCTGCCATTAC ASAANNSPKPSSF AAATATGATTGCTGTTTATAATCAAA TTDYSNKNPSDTP CTTACAACTCCACTGCTAAATTATTT SFYSQSISSSMKS AACGTTGCAAACATTCTTCTGTCTAC KFPSKFIPFNFKS ATCGATAAATTTTATGACGGTAGTAT KDNSSDTRSENTY TAATTGTTAAATTATTTTTGGCTGTT IGNYDMEKNGSPN AGATCAAGAAGATATTTGGGTTTAAA HSYSSKDQSEVYT GCAGTTCGATAGTTTCCATATTTTAT IGVSSMHTDIKSQ TGATTATGTCATGTCAAACATTGATT KNISGQHLYTPST GTACCATCAATTCTTTTTATCTTATC EIDEEARDFWAGR ATACGCTTTAAGTACTAAGCTGTACA AVNNSVPNDYQPS CTGATCATTTAGTTGTCATTGCAACT ELPASILEELNSL TTATTAGTCGTTCTATCTTTACCATT DENNEGFLETKRI ATCTTCGATGTGGGCAAGCGCTGCAA TFRKQ ATAATTCTCCTAAACCAAGCTCGTTT (SEQ ID NO: 74) ACAACCGATTATTCAAACAAGAATCC TAGTGACACACCAAGCTTCTACAGTC AAAGTATTAGTTCCTCGATGAAAAGC AAATTCCCAAGCAAATTCATACCCTT CAATTTCAAGTCTAAAGACAATTCTT CTGACACTAGATCAGAAAATACATAT ATTGGCAATTATGACATGGAAAAGAA TGGATCACCAAATCACTCTTATTCTT CCAAAGATCAAAGTGAAGTTTACACT ATAGGTGTAAGCTCTATGCACACAGA TATAAAGTCACAAAAGAATATCAGTG GACAGCATTTATATACCCCAAGTACA GAGATTGATGAAGAAGCTAGAGACTT CTGGGCGGGCAGAGCTGTTAATAATT CAGTTCCAAATGACTATCAACCATCT GAGTTACCAGCATCGATTCTTGAAGA ATTGAATTCACTGGATGAAAATAATG AAGGTTTCTTGGAGACAAAAAGAATA ACATTTAGAAAACAATAG (SEQ ID NO: 75) Scheffersomyces WHWTSY MDTSINTLNPANI (wild type) stipitis GVFEPG IVNYTLPNDPRVI ATGGATACTAGTATCAATACTCTCAA SVPFGAFDEYVNQ CCCTGCGAATATCATTGTCAACTACA SMQKAIIHGVSIG CCTTGCCAAATGATCCTAGAGTAATT SCTIMLLIILIFN AGTGTCCCATTTGGAGCTTTTGACGA VKRKKSPAFYLNS ATATGTTAACCAATCTATGCAAAAGG VTLTAMIIRSALN CCATTATCCATGGAGTTTCCATTGGT LAYLLGPLAGLSF TCATGCACCATAATGCTTTTAATTAT TFSGLVTPETNFS TTTGATCTTCAATGTCAAACGCAAGA VSEATNAFQVIVV AGTCGCCAGCTTTCTATCTTAATTCG ALIEASMTFQVFV GTTACGTTGACTGCAATGATTATTCG VFQSPEVKKLGIA GTCTGCTCTTAATTTGGCATATTTGC LTSISAFTGAAAV TAGGTCCTTTGGCTGGATTAAGTTTT GFTINSTIQQSRI ACGTTCTCCGGCTTGGTAACTCCAGA YHSVVNGTPTPTV AACCAATTTCTCTGTCTCTGAAGCCA ATWSWVRDVPTIL CCAATGCTTTCCAGGTTATTGTTGTT FSTSVNIMSFILI GCTCTTATCGAGGCGTCCATGACATT LKLGFAIKTRRYL TCAGGTGTTCGTCGTCTTCCAATCAC GLRQFGSLHILLM CAGAAGTGAAGAAGTTGGGTATAGCT MATQTLLAPSILI CTTACCTCCATATCTGCATTCACGGG LVHYGYGTSLNSQ TGCTGCTGCTGTAGGATTTACTATCA LILISYLLVVLSL ATAGTACAATCCAACAATCGAGAATT PVSSIWAATANNS TATCATTCAGTTGTCAATGGAACTCC PQLPSSATLSFMN TACGCCAACGGTCGCTACCTGGTCTT KTTSHFSES GGGTTAGAGATGTGCCTACGATACTT (SEQ ID NO: 76) TTTTCTACTTCGGTTAACATAATGTC TTTCATCTTGATTCTCAAGTTAGGGT TTGCCATAAAGACAAGAAGATACCTT GGCCTTCGGCAATTTGGCAGTTTGCA CATCTTATTGATGATGGCTACTCAAA CATTATTGGCCCCATCTATTCTCATT CTTGTACATTACGGATATGGCACATC TCTGAATAGCCAGCTCATTCTTATAA GTTACTTGCTTGTTGTTTTGTCTTTA CCAGTATCCTCTATCTGGGCAGCAAC AGCCAACAATTCTCCTCAACTTCCAT CTTCCGCAACTCTTTCATTCATGAAC AAAACGACCTCTCACTTTTCTGAAAG CTAG (SEQ ID NO: 77) Schizosaccharomyces VSDRVK MYSWDEFRSPKQA (codon optimized) japonicus QMLSHW EVLNQTVTLETIV ATGTACTCCTGGGACGAATTCAGATC WNFRNP STIQLPISEIDSM CCCAAAGCAAGCTGAAGTTTTGAACC DTANL ERNRLLTGMTVAV AAACCGTTACCTTGGAAACTATTGTT QVGLGSFILVLMC TCCACCATTCAATTGCCAATCTCTGA IFSSSEKRKKPVF AATTGACTCCATGGAAAGAAACAGAT IFNFAGNLVMTLR TGTTGACCGGTATGACTGTCGCTGTT AIFEVIVLASNNY CAAGTTGGTTTAGGTTCCTTCATTTT SIAVQYGFAFAAV AGTTTTGATGTGTATTTTCTCTTCCT RQYVHAFNIIILL CTGAAAAGAGAAAGAAGCCAGTCTTC LGPFILFIAEMSL ATCTTCAACTTCGCTGGTAACTTGGT MLQVRIICSQHRP TATGACTTTGAGAGCTATTTTCGAAG TMITTTVISCIFT TTATCGTTTTGGCTTCTAACAACTAC VVTLAFWITDMSQ TCTATCGCTGTTCAATACGGTTTCGC EIAYQLFLKNYNM TTTTGCTGCCGTCAGACAATACGTTC KQIVGYSWLYFIA ACGCCTTCAACATTATCATCTTGTTG KITFAASIIFHSS TTGGGTCCATTCATCTTGTTCATCGC VFSFKLMRAIYIR TGAAATGTCTTTGATGTTGCAAGTTA RKIGQFPFGPMQC GAATCATTTGTTCCCAACACAGACCA IFIVSCQCLIVPA ACTATGATTACCACCACTGTTATCTC IFTLIDSFTHTYD TTGTATTTTCACTGTTGTTACCTTGG GFSSMTQCLLIIS CCTTCTGGATCACCGACATGTCTCAA LPLSSLWATHTAQ GAAATTGCTTACCAATTGTTCTTGAA KLQTMKDNTNPPS AAACTACAACATGAAGCAAATTGTTG GTQLTIRVDRTFD GTTACTCCTGGTTGTACTTTATCGCT MKFVSDSSDGSFT AAGATCACCTTCGCTGCTTCCATTAT EKTEETLP CTTCCATTCCTCCGTCTTCTCCTTCA (SEQ ID NO: 78) AATTGATGCGTGCTATTTACATTCGT AGAAAGATCGGTCAATTCCCATTCGG TCCAATGCAATGTATCTTCATTGTTT CCTGTCAATGTTTGATCGTTCCAGCT ATTTTCACTTTGATCGATTCTTTCAC CCACACTTACGATGGTTTCTCCTCCA TGACTCAATGTTTGTTGATCATCTCC TTACCATTGTCTTCCTTGTGGGCCAC CCACACCGCTCAAAAGTTGCAAACCA TGAAGGATAACACTAACCCACCATCT GGTACCCAATTAACCATCAGAGTTGA TCGTACTTTCGACATGAAGTTCGTTT CCGACTCCTCTGACGGTTCTTTCACT GAAAAGACCGAAGAAACTTTGCCA (SEQ ID NO: 79) Saccharomyces NWHWLRL MSDAPPPLSELFY (codon optimized) castellii DPGQPLY NSSYNPGLSIISY ATGTCTGACGCTCCACCACCATTGTC TSIYGNGTEVTFN CGAATTGTTCTACAACTCCTCCTACA ELQSIVNKKITEA ACCCAGGTTTGTCTATCATTTCTTAC IMFGVRCGAAILT ACTTCCATTTACGGTAACGGTACTGA IIVMWMISKKKKT AGTTACCTTTAACGAATTACAATCTA PIFIINQVSLFLI TCGTCAACAAGAAGATTACTGAAGCT LLHSAFNFRYLLS ATCATGTTCGGTGTCAGATGTGGTGC NYSSVTFALTGFP CGCTATTTTGACTATCATTGTCATGT QFIHRNDVHVYAA GGATGATTTCTAAGAAGAAAAAGACC ASIFQVLLVASIE CCAATTTTCATCATCAACCAAGTTTC ISLMFQIRVIFKG TTTATTCTTGATTTTGTTGCACTCCG DNFKRIGTILTAL CTTTCAACTTCAGATACTTGTTGTCT SSSLGLATVAMYF AACTACTCTTCCGTCACTTTCGCCTT VTAIKGIIATYKD GACCGGTTTCCCACAATTCATCCACA VNDTQQKYFNVAT GAAACGACGTCCACGTCTACGCTGCT ILLASSINFMTLI GCTTCTATCTTCCAAGTCTTGTTGGT LVIKLILAIRSRR CGCTTCTATTGAAATTTCCTTAATGT FLGLKQFDSFHIL TCCAAATCAGAGTCATTTTCAAGGGT LIMSFQSLLAPSI GATAACTTCAAGAGAATTGGTACTAT LFILAYSLDPNQG CTTGACCGCTTTGTCCTCTTCTTTGG TDVLVTVATLLVV GTTTAGCTACTGTTGCTATGTACTTT LSLPLSSMWATAA GTCACCGCTATTAAGGGTATTATTGC NNASRPSSVGSDW TACCTACAAGGATGTTAACGATACTC TPSNSDYYSNGPS AACAAAAGTACTTCAACGTTGCTACT SVKIESVKSDEKV ATCTTGTTGGCTTCCTCTATCAACTT SLRSRIYNLYPKS TATGACCTTGATCTTGGTTATCAAGT KSEFEQSSEHTYV TGATCTTGGCTATCAGATCCAGAAGA DKVDLENNFYELS TTCTTGGGTTTGAAACAATTCGACTC TPIIERSPSSIIK TTTCCATATCTTGTTGATCATGTCTT KGKQGISTRETVK TTCAATCTTTGTTGGCCCCATCCATT KLDSLDDIYTPNT TTGTTCATTTTGGCTTACTCTTTGGA AADEEARKFWSED CCCAAACCAAGGTACCGACGTCTTGG VSNELDSLQKIET TTACTGTCGCTACTTTGTTGGTCGTC ETSDELSPEMLQL TTATCTTTGCCATTGTCCTCCATGTG MIGQEEEDDNLLA GGCTACTGCTGCTAACAACGCCTCCA TKKITVKKQ GACCATCCTCTGTTGGTTCCGACTGG (SEQ ID NO: 80) ACTCCATCTAACTCCGACTACTACTC TAACGGTCCATCTTCTGTCAAGACCG AATCTGTCAAATCTGATGAAAAGGTC TCCTTGAGATCCAGAATTTACAACTT GTACCCAAAGTCTAAGTCTGAATTCG AACAATCCTCCGAACACACTTACGTT GACAAGGTCGACTTGGAAAACAACTT CTACGAATTGTCCACCCCAATCACCG AAAGATCTCCATCTTCTATCATTAAG AAGGGTAAGCAAGGTATTTCTACTAG AGAAACCGTCAAAAAGTTGGACTCCT TGGATGACATTTACACTCCAAACACT GCTGCTGATGAAGAAGCCAGAAAGTT CTGGTCTGAAGATGTTTCTAACGAAT TGGATTCCTTACAAAAAATCGAAACT GAAACTTCCGATGAATTATCCCCAGA AATGTTACAATTGATGATTGGTCAAG AAGAAGAAGACGATAACTTATTGGCT ACCAAGAAGATCACCGTCAAGAAGCA A (SEQ ID NO: 81) Schizosaccharomyces TYEDFLR MREPWWKNYYTMN (codon optimized) octosporus VYKNWWS GTQVQNQSIPILS ATGCGTGAACCATGGTGGAAGAACTA FQNPDRP TQGYIQVPLSTID CTACACCATGAACGGTACCCAAGTCC DL KAERNRILTGMTV AAAACCAATCCATCCCAATTTTGTCC SAQLALGVLIMVM ACCCAAGGTTACATTCAAGTTCCATT SILLSSPEKRKTP GTCCACCATCGATAAGGCTGAAAGAA VFIVNSASIISMC ACAGAATTTTGACTGGTATGACCGTT IRAILMIVNLCSE TCTGCTCAATTGGCCTTGGGTGTCTT SYSLAVMYGFVFE GATCATGGTCATGTCTATTTTGTTGT LVGQYVHVFDILV CCTCCCCAGAAAAGAGAAAGACCCCA MIIGTIIIITAEV GTTTTCATCGTCAACTCTGCCTCTAT SMLLQVRIICAHD CATTTCCATGTGTATTAGAGCTATCT RKTQRIVTCISSG TGATGATTGTCAACTTGTGTTCTGAA LSLIVVAFWFTDM TCCTACTCTTTGGCTGTTATGTACGG CQEIKYLLWLTPY TTTCGTCTTCGAATTGGTTGGTCAAT NNHQISGYYWVYF ACGTTCACGTTTTTGACATTTTGGTT VGKILFAVSIMFH ATGATTATTGGTACCATCATCATTAT SAVFSYKLFHAIQ TACCGCTGAAGTTTCCATGTTGTTGC IRKKIGQFPFGPM AAGTCAGAATTATTTGTGCTCACGAC QCILIISCQCLFV AGAAAGACTCAAAGAATTGTTACCTG PAIFTIIDSFIHT TATCTCTTCTGGTTTATCCTTGATCG YDGFSSMTQCLLI TCGTTGCCTTCTGGTTCACTGATATG VSLPLSSLWASST TGTCAAGAAATTAAGTACTTGTTGTG ALKLQSLKSTTSP GTTGACCCCATACAACAACCACCAAA GDTTQVSIRVDRT TCTCTGGTTACTACTGGGTTTACTTC YDIKRIPTEELSS GTCGGTAAGATCTTGTTCGCCGTTTC VDETEIKKWP CATTATGTTCCACTCTGCCGTCTTCT (SEQ ID NO: 82) CCTACAAGTTGTTCCACGCTATCCAA ATTAGAAAGAAGATTGGTCAATTCCC ATTCGGTCCAATGCAATGTATTTTAA TTATTTCCTGTCAATGTTTGTTCGTT CCAGCTATTTTCACTATCATCGACTC TTTCATCCACACTTACGACGGTTTTT CCTCCATGACCCAATGTTTGTTGATC GTCTCTTTGCCATTGTCCTCCTTGTG GGCCTCTTCCACTGCTTTAAAGTTGC AATCTTTGAAGTCTACCACCTCTCCA GGTGACACTACTCAAGTTTCCATTAG AGTCGACAGAACCTACGACATCAAGA GAATCCCAACTGAAGAATTGTCTTCT GTTGACGAAACCGAAATCAAGAAGTG GCCA (SEQ ID NO: 83) Aspergillus WCRFRG MATHNQISDQCQW (codon optimized) nidulans QVCG SYPEVFTTQAVEE ATGGCTACCCACAACCAAATCTCTGA PTAEPASYHLHST TCAATGTCAATGGTCTTACCCAGAAG LTIMASNFDPWNQ TCTTCACCACTCAAGCTGTCGAAGAA TITFRLEDGTPFD CCAACCGCCGAACCAGCTTCTTACCA ISVDYLDGILQYS CTTGCACTCTACCTTGACTATTATGG IRACVNYAAQLGA CTTCTAACTTCGACCCATGGAACCAA SVILFVILVLLTR ACCATTACCTTCAGATTGGAAGACGG AEKRASCLFWLNS TACTCCATTCGACATTTCTGTCGACT LALLLNFARLLCD ACTTGGACGGTATCTTGCAATACTCT VLFFTGNFVRIYT ATCAGAGCTTGTGTCAACTACGCTGC LISADESRVTASD TCAATTGGGTGCTTCTGTCATTTTGT LATSIVGAIMTAL TTGTTATCTTGGTCTTGTTGACTAGA LLTTIEISLVLQV GCCGAAAAAAGAGCTTCTTGTTTGTT QVVCSNLRRIYRR CTGGTTAAACTCCTTAGCTTTGTTGT ALLCVSAVVATAT TGAACTTCGCCAGATTGTTGTGTGAC IAIRYSLLAVNIR GTCTTGTTCTTCACCGGTAACTTCGT AILEFSDPTTYNW CAGAATTTACACTTTGATCTCCGCTG LESLATVALTISI ACGAATCTAGAGTTACTGCTTCCGAC CYFCVIFVTKLGF TTGGCTACTTCCATCGTCGGTGCTAT AIRLRRKLGLSEL CATGACCGCTTTGTTGTTGACCACTA GPMKVVFIMGCQT TTGAAATTTCTTTGGTTTTGCAAGTC LVIPGKRTLSSLI CAAGTCGTTTGTTCTAACTTGAGAAG PPVIVSITHYVSD AATCTACAGAAGAGCCTTGTTGTGTG VPELQTNVLTIVA TTTCCGCCGTCGTTGCCACTGCTACC LSLPLSSIWAGTT ATTGCTATTAGATACTCCTTGTTGGC IDKPVTHSNVRNL TGTCAACATTAGAGCTATTTTGGAAT WQILSFSGYRPKQ TCTCCGACCCAACTACTTACAACTGG STYIATTTTATTN TTGGAATCTTTAGCTACCGTCGCCTT AKQCTHCYSESRL GACCATCTCCATCTGTTACTTCTGTG LTEKESGRNNDTS TCATCTTCGTCACCAAGTTAGGTTTC SKSSSQYGIAVEH GCTATTAGATTGAGAAGAAAGTTGGG DISVRSARRESFD TTTATCTGAATTGGGTCCAATGAAGG V TCGTCTTCATCATGGGTTGTCAAACC (SEQ ID NO: 84) TTGGTCATCCCAGGTAAAAGAACCTT GTCTTCTTTGATTCCACCAGTCATTG TTTCTATTACTCACTACGTCTCCGAC GTCCCAGAATTGCAAACTAACGTTTT GACTATCGTCGCCTTGTCCTTGCCAT TGTCCTCTATTTGGGCTGGTACCACC ATTGACAAGCCAGTCACTCACTCTAA CGTTAGAAACTTGTGGCAAATCTTGT CCTTCTCTGGTTACAGACCAAAGCAA TCTACCTACATTGCTACCACTACTAC CGCTACTACCAACGCTAAGCAATGTA CCCACTGTTACTCTGAATCTAGATTG TTGACTGAAAAGGAATCTGGTCGTAA CAACGACACTTCTTCTAAGTCTTCCT CCCAATACGGTATCGCTGTCGAACAC GATATTTCCGTTAGATCTGCTCGTCG TGAATCTTTTGACGTCTAG (SEQ ID NO: 85) Aspergillus WCALPG MDSKFDPYSQNLT (codon optimized) oryzae QGC FHAADGTPFQVPV ATGGACTCTAAGTTCGACCCATACTC MTLNDFYQYCIQI TCAAAACTTGACTTTCCACGCTGCTG CINYGAQFGASVI ACGGTACCCCATTTCAAGTTCCAGTC IFIILLLLTRPDK ATGACCTTGAACGACTTTTACCAATA RASSVFFLNGGAL CTGTATTCAAATTTGTATCAACTACG LLNMGRLLCHMIY GTGCTCAATTCGGTGCTTCCGTCATC FTTDFVKAYQYFS ATTTTCATTATCTTGTTGTTATTGAC SDYSRAPTSAYAN TAGACCAGACAAAAGAGCTTCTTCTG SILGVVLTTLLLV TTTTCTTCTTAAACGGTGGTGCCTTG CIETSLVLQVQVV TTGTTGAACATGGGTAGATTGTTGTG CANLRRRYRTVLL TCACATGATTTACTTCACTACTGACT CVSILVALIPVGL TCGTCAAGGCTTACCAATACTTCTCT RLGYMVENCKTIV TCTGATTACTCTAGAGCCCCAACCTC QTDTPLSLVWLES TGCCTACGCTAACTCCATTTTGGGTG ATNIVITISICFF TCGTCTTGACCACCTTGTTGTTGGTT CSIFIIKLGFAIH TGTATCGAAACCTCCTTGGTTTTACA QRRRLGVRDFGPM AGTCCAAGTCGTCTGTGCTAACTTGA KVIFVMGCQTLTV GACGTAGATACAGAACCGTCTTATTG PALLSILQYAVSV TGTGTTTCTATCTTGGTCGCCTTGAT PELNSNIMTLVTI CCCAGTCGGTTTGAGATTGGGTTACA SLPLSSIWAGVSL TGGTTGAAAACTGTAAGACTATTGTT TRSSSTENSPSRG CAAACTGATACCCCATTGTCTTTGGT ALWNRLTDSTGTR TTGGTTGGAATCTGCTACTAACATCG SNQTSSTDTAVAM TCATTACCATCTCCATCTGTTTCTTC TYPSNKSSTVCYA TGTTCTATCTTCATCATCAAGTTGGG DQSSVKRQYDPEQ TTTCGCCATTCACCAAAGAAGAAGAT GHGISVEHDVSVH TGGGTGTCAGAGATTTCGGTCCAATG SCQRL AAGGTCATTTTCGTCATGGGTTGTCA (SEQ ID NO: 86) AACTTTGACTGTTCCAGCTTTGTTGT CTATTTTGCAATACGCTGTCTCTGTC CCAGAATTGAACTCTAACATTATGAC TTTGGTTACTATCTCTTTGCCATTGT CCTCCATTTGGGCTGGTGTTTCTTTG ACCCGTTCTTCCTCCACCGAAAACTC TCCATCCAGAGGTGCTTTGTGGAACC GTTTGACCGACTCTACCGGTACCAGA TCTAACCAAACCTCTTCCACCGACAC CGCCGTCGCTATGACCTACCCATCTA ACAAGTCTTCTACTGTCTGTTACGCC GATCAATCTTCTGTCAAGAGACAATA CGATCCAGAACAAGGTCACGGTATCT CTGTTGAACACGATGTTTCTGTCCAC TCCTGTCAAAGATTGTAG (SEQ ID NO: 87) Beauvaria WCMRPG MDGSSAPSSPTPD (codon optimized) bassiana QPCW PTFDRFAGNVTFF ATGGATGGTTCTTCTGCTCCATCTTC LADHITTTSVPMP TCCAACTCCAGATCCAACCTTCGACA VLNAYYDESLCTT GATTCGCCGGTAACGTCACTTTCTTC MNYGAQLGACLVM TTGGCTGACCACATCACCACTACCTC LVVVVALTPAAKL CGTTCCAATGCCAGTCTTGAACGCCT ARRPASALHLVGL ACTACGACGAATCCTTGTGTACTACC LLCAVRSGLLFAY ATGAACTACGGTGCTCAATTAGGTGC FVSPISHFYQVWA TTGTTTAGTTATGTTGGTTGTCGTTG GDFSAVSRRYWDA TTGCTTTGACCCCAGCTGCTAAGTTG SLAANTLAFPLVV GCTAGAAGACCAGCTTCTGCTTTGCA VVEAALINQAWTM TTTGGTTGGTTTGTTGTTGTGTGCTG VAFWPRAAKAAAC TTAGATCCGGTTTGTTGTTTGCTTAC ACSAVIVLLTIGT TTCGTCTCCCCAATCTCTCACTTTTA RLAYTIVQNHAIV CCAAGTTTGGGCTGGTGACTTCTCTG TAVPPEHFLWAIQ CCGTTTCCAGAAGATACTGGGACGCT WSAVMGAVSIFWF TCTTTGGCTGCCAACACTTTAGCTTT CAVFNVKLVCHLV CCCATTGGTTGTCGTCGTTGAAGCTG ANRGILPSISVVN CTTTGATCAACCAAGCTTGGACCATG PMEVLVMTNGTLM GTTGCTTTCTGGCCAAGAGCCGCTAA IIPSIFAGLEWAK GGCCGCTGCCTGTGCTTGTTCTGCTG FTNFESGSLTLTS TCATTGTCTTGTTGACTATTGGTACT VIIILPLGTLAAQ AGATTGGCCTACACTATCGTCCAAAA RISGQGSQGYQAG CCACGCTATTGTTACTGCCGTCCCAC HLFHEQQQQQART CAGAACACTTCTTGTGGGCTATTCAA RSGAFGSASQQSH TGGTCCGCTGTTATGGGTGCTGTTTC PTNKVPSSITLST CATCTTCTGGTTTTGTGCCGTTTTCA SGTPITPQISAGS ACGTCAAGTTGGTCTGTCACTTAGTC RPELPLVDRSERL GCTAACAGAGGTATCTTGCCATCTAT DPIDLELGRIDAF CTCTGTTGTTAACCCAATGGAAGTCT RGSSDFSPSTARP TGGTTATGACTAACGGTACCTTGATG KRMQRDNFA ATTATCCCATCTATCTTCGCTGGTTT (SEQ ID NO: 88) GGAATGGGCTAAGTTCACCAACTTCG AATCCGGTTCTTTGACTTTGACTTCC GTTATTATTATCTTGCCATTGGGTAC TTTGGCTGCCCAACGTATTTCTGGTC AAGGTTCCCAAGGTTACCAAGCTGGT CACTTATTCCACGAACAACAACAACA ACAAGCTCGTACCCGTTCCGGTGCCT TCGGTTCCGCTTCTCAACAATCCCAT CCAACTAACAAGGTTCCATCCTCTAT TACCTTGTCTACCTCTGGTACTCCAA TTACTCCACAAATCTCTGCCGGTTCC CGTCCAGAATTACCATTGGTTGATAG ATCCGAACGTTTGGACCCAATTGACT TGGAATTGGGTAGAATCGATGCTTTC AGAGGTTCTTCCGACTTCTCTCCATC CACCGCTAGACCAAAGCGTATGCAAC GTGATAACTTCGCCTAG (SEQ ID NO: 89) Candida KWKWIKF MNPADINIEYTLG (codon optimized) lustianiae RNTDVIG DTAFSSTFADFEA ATGAACCCAGCTGACATCAACATCGA WKTRNTQFAIVNG ATACACCTTGGGTGATACTGCTTTCT VALACGIILMVVS CTTCCACTTTCGCTGATTTCGAAGCT WIIIVNKRAPIFA TGGAAAACTAGAAACACTCAATTCGC MNQTMLVIMVIKS TATTGTCAACGGTGTCGCTTTGGCTT AMYLKHIMGPLNS GTGGTATTATCTTGATGGTCGTTTCT LTFRFTGLMEESW TGGATTATTATTGTTAACAAGAGAGC APYNVYVTINVLH TCCAATCTTCGCTATGAACCAAACTA VLLVAAVESSLVF TGTTGGTTATCATGGTTATTAAGTCC QIHVVFKSSRARV GCTATGTACTTGAAGCATATCATGGG AGRAIVSAMSTLA TCCATTGAACTCCTTGACCTTCCGTT LLIVSLYLYSTVR TCACCGGTTTAATGGAAGAATCCTGG HAQTLRAELSHGD GCTCCATACAACGTTTACGTCACTAT TTTVEPWVDNVPL TAACGTCTTGCATGTTTTGTTGGTCG ILFSASLNVLCLL CTGCTGTCGAATCCTCTTTGGTCTTC LALKLVFAVRTRR CAAATCCATGTTGTTTTCAAGTCTTC HLGLRQFDSFHIL TAGAGCCAGAGTTGCTGGTAGAGCCA IIMATQTFVIPSS TTGTTTCTGCTATGTCCACTTTGGCC LVIANYRYASSPL TTGTTGATCGTTTCTTTGTACTTGTA LSSISIIVAVCNL CTCTACTGTTAGACATGCTCAAACTT PLCSLWACSNNNS TGCGTGCTGAATTATCTCATGGTGAC SYPTSSQNTILSR ACTACCACTGTTGAACCATGGGTCGA YETETSQATDASS TAACGTTCCATTGATTTTGTTTTCCG TTCAGIAEKGFDK CTTCTTTGAACGTTTTGTGTTTGTTG SPDSPTFGDQDSV TTGGCCTTGAAATTGGTTTTCGCTGT SISHILDSLEKDV CAGAACCAGAAGACATTTAGGTTTAA EGVTTHRLT GACAATTCGACTCTTTCCACATCTTG (SEQ ID NO: 90) ATTATTATGGCCACTCAAACTTTCGT TATCCCATCCTCTTTGGTCATCGCTA ACTACAGATACGCTTCTTCCCCATTG TTGTCTTCCATTTCCATCATCGTCGC CGTCTGTAACTTGCCATTGTGTTCCT TGTGGGCTTGTTCTAACAACAACTCT TCCTACCCAACTTCTTCTCAAAACAC TATTTTGTCCAGATACGAAACTGAAA CCTCTCAAGCTACTGACGCTTCCTCT ACCACCTGTGCCGGTATTGCTGAAAA GGGTTTCGACAAGTCTCCAGACTCTC CAACTTTCGGTGACCAAGACTCCGTC TCTATCTCCCATATCTTGGACTCTTT GGAAAAGGATGTTGAAGGTGTCACCA CCCATAGATTGACTTAG (SEQ ID NO: 91) Candida FSWNYRL MDSYLLNHPGDIS (codon optimized) tenuis KWQPIS LNFALPLSDEVYT ATGGACTCCTACTTGTTGAACCATCC ITFNDLDSQSSFS AGGTGACATCTCTTTGAACTTCGCCT IQYLVIHSCAITV TGCCATTGTCCGATGAAGTCTACACT CLTLLVLLNLFIR ATTACCTTCAACGACTTAGACTCTCA NKKTPVFVLNQVI ATCTTCTTTTTCCATTCAATACTTGG LFFAIVRSSLFIG TCATCCACTCTTGTGCCATTACCGTC FMKSPLSTITASF TGTTTGACCTTGTTGGTTTTGTTGAA TGIISDDQKHFYK CTTGTTCATCAGAAACAAGAAGACTC VSVAANAALIILV CAGTCTTCGTTTTGAACCAAGTCATC MLIQVSFTYQIYI TTGTTCTTCGCTATCGTCAGATCTTC IFRSPEVRKFGVF TTTGTTCATCGGTTTTATGAAGTCTC MTSALGVLMAVTF CATTGTCCACCATCACCGCCTCTTTC GFYVNSAVASTKQ ACCGGTATCATTTCTGATGACCAAAA YQHIFYSTDPYIM ACACTTCTACAAGGTCTCCGTCGCTG DSWVTGLPPILYS CTAACGCCGCTTTGATCATTTTGGTC ASVIAMSLVLVLK ATGTTGATTCAAGTTTCTTTCACTTA LVAAVRTRRYLGL CCAAATCTACATTATTTTCAGATCCC KQFSSYHILLIMF CAGAAGTTAGAAAGTTCGGTGTCTTC TQTLFVPTILTIL ATGACCTCCGCCTTGGGTGTCTTGAT AYAFYGYNDILIH GGCTGTTACCTTCGGTTTTTACGTTA ISTTITVVLLPFT ACTCCGCTGTCGCTTCTACCAAGCAA SIWASIANNSRSL TACCAACACATCTTCTACTCTACCGA MSAASLYFSGSNS CCCATACATCATGGACTCTTGGGTCA SLSELSSPSPSDN CTGGTTTGCCACCAATCTTGTACTCT DTLNENVFAFFPD GCTTCCGTCATCGCTATGTCTTTGGT KLQKMNSSEAVSA CTTGGTTTTGAAGTTGGTCGCTGCTG VDKVVVHDHFDTI TCAGAACCAGAAGATACTTGGGTTTG SQKSIPHDILEIL AAGCAATTCTCCTCCTACCACATCTT QGNEGGQMKEHIS GTTGATTATGTTCACCCAAACCTTGT VYSDDSFSKTTPP TCGTTCCAACCATCTTGACCATCTTA IVGGNLLITNTDI GCTTACGCTTTCTACGGTTACAACGA GMK TATCTTGATCCATATTTCTACCACCA (SEQ ID NO: 92) TCACCGTTGTCTTGTTGCCATTCACC TCCATTTGGGCTTCTATCGCCAACAA CTCTAGATCCTTGATGTCTGCCGCTT CCTTGTACTTCTCCGGTTCCAACTCC TCTTTGTCTGAATTGTCTTCTCCATC TCCATCTGATAACGACACTTTGAACG AAAACGTCTTCGCCTTTTTTCCAGAC AAGTTGCAAAAGATGAACTCTTCTGA AGCCGTTTCTGCTGTCGACAAGGTCG TTGTTCACGACCACTTTGATACCATC TCCCAAAAGTCTATCCCACACGACAT CTTGGAAATTTTGCAAGGTAACGAAG GTGGTCAAATGAAGGAACACATCTCT GTCTACTCTGATGACTCTTTCTCCAA GACTACTCCACCAATTGTCGGTGGTA ACTTGTTGATCACCAACACCGACATC GGTATGAAG (SEQ ID NO: 93) Neosartorya WCHLPG MNSTFDPWTQNIT (codon optimized) fischeri QGC LTQSDGTTVISSL ATGAACTCCACCTTCGACCCATGGAC ALADDYLHYMIRL CCAAAACATTACTTTGACTCAATCCG GINYGAQLGACAV ACGGTACCACTGTCATCTCCTCTTTG LLLVLLLLTRPEK GCTTTGGCCGATGACTACTTGCACTA RVSSVFVLNVAAL CATGATTAGATTGGGTATCAACTACG LANIIRLGCQLSY GTGCCCAATTGGGTGCTTGTGCTGTT FSTGFARMYALLA TTGTTGTTGGTTTTGTTATTGTTGAC GDFSRVSRGAYAG TAGACCAGAAAAGAGAGTTTCTTCTG QVMASVFFTIVFI TCTTCGTTTTGAACGTCGCTGCTTTG CVEASLVLQVQVV TTGGCTAACATCATCAGATTGGGTTG CSNLRRQYRILLL TCAATTGTCCTACTTCTCTACCGGTT GASTLAALVPIGV TCGCTAGAATGTACGCCTTGTTGGCC RLTYSVLNCMVIM GGTGACTTCTCCAGAGTCTCTCGTGG HAGTMDHLDWLES TGCTTACGCCGGTCAAGTTATGGCCT ATNIVTTVSICFF CCGTCTTCTTCACCATTGTCTTCATT CAVFVVKLGLAIK TGTGTTGAAGCTTCTTTGGTTTTGCA MRKRLGVKQFGPM AGTTCAAGTCGTCTGTTCTAACTTGA RVIFIMGCQTMTI GAAGACAATACAGAATCTTGTTATTG PAIFAICQYFSRI GGTGCTTCCACTTTGGCTGCCTTGGT PEFSHNVLTLVII TCCAATTGGTGTTCGTTTGACTTACT SLPLSSIWAGFAL CCGTTTTAAACTGTATGGTTATTATG VQANSTARSTESR CACGCTGGTACTATGGACCACTTGGA HHLWNILSSDGAT TTGGTTGGAATCTGCTACCAACATCG RDKPSQCVSSPMT TTACTACCGTTTCTATTTGTTTCTTC SPTTTCYSEQSTS TGTGCTGTTTTCGTTGTCAAATTAGG KPQQDPENGFGIS TTTGGCTATCAAGATGAGAAAGCGTT VAHDISIHSFRKD TGGGTGTCAAACAATTCGGTCCAATG AHGDI AGAGTTATCTTCATCATGGGTTGTCA (SEQ ID NO: 94) AACCATGACCATCCCAGCTATTTTCG CTATTTGTCAATACTTCTCTAGAATT CCAGAATTTTCTCATAACGTTTTGAC TTTGGTTATCATCTCTTTGCCATTGT CTTCTATCTGGGCCGGTTTTGCTTTG GTCCAAGCCAACTCTACCGCCAGATC TACCGAATCTAGACATCATTTGTGGA ACATTTTGTCTTCCGATGGTGCTACC AGAGACAAGCCATCCCAATGTGTTTC TTCTCCAATGACCTCTCCAACCACTA CCTGTTACTCCGAACAATCCACCTCT AAGCCACAACAAGACCCAGAAAACGG TTTTGGTATTTCTGTTGCCCACGATA TTTCCATCCACTCTTTCAGAAAGGAC GCCCACGGTGATATTTAG (SEQ ID NO: 95) Neurospora QWCRIHG MASSSSPPADIFS (codon optimized) crassa QSCW GITQSLNSTHATL ATGGCGTCCTCTTCCTCACCACCTGC TLPIPPADRDHLE AGACATTTTCTCAGGGATCACGCAAT NQVLFLFDNHGQL CACTAAATAGTACACACGCGACGCTT LNVTTTYIDAFNN ACACTACCGATTCCGCCAGCGGACAG MLVSTTINYATQI GGATCATCTGGAAAATCAAGTATTAT GATFIMLAIMLLM TTTTGTTTGACAATCACGGTCAGTTA TPRRRFKRLPTII CTTAATGTAACTACAACTTACATTGA SLLALCINLIRVV CGCTTTTAACAATATGCTGGTCTCTA LLALFFPSHWTDF CTACTATAAACTATGCAACGCAAATT YVLYSGDWQFVPP GGAGCTACTTTTATAATGCTAGCCAT GDMQISVAATVLS TATGTTATTAATGACTCCCAGAAGGA IPVTALLLSALMV GGTTCAAACGTTTACCAACAATTATT QAWSMMQLWTPLW AGCTTGTTAGCCTTATGTATTAATTT RALVVLVSGLLSL GATCAGGGTGGTTTTGCTGGCCCTGT VTVAMSFANCIFQ TTTTTCCTTCTCACTGGACAGACTTC AKNILYADPLPSY TACGTGTTGTATTCCGGTGACTGGCA WVRKLYLALTTGS GTTTGTACCTCCAGGGGATATGCAAA ISWFTFLFMIRLV TATCTGTTGCTGCTACGGTTTTGTCT MHMWTNRSILPSM ATCCCAGTGACGGCATTATTATTGAG KGLKAMDVLIITN CGCATTGATGGTTCAAGCCTGGTCAA SILMLIPVLFAGL TGATGCAATTATGGACACCACTGTGG EFLDSASGFESGS AGGGCACTAGTGGTACTAGTGTCCGG LTQTSVVIVLPLG GCTATTGTCACTGGTAACTGTGGCAA TLVAQRIATRGYM TGAGTTTCGCGAATTGCATTTTCCAA PDSLEASSGPNGS GCGAAAAATATTTTGTATGCCGACCC LPLSNLSFAGGGG TTTACCCTCCTACTGGGTCAGAAAAT GGSGGHKDKENGG TGTACTTAGCATTAACGACTGGGTCT GIIPPTTNNTAAT ATAAGTTGGTTCACATTCCTTTTTAT NFSSSIACSGISC GATAAGATTGGTTATGCATATGTGGA LPKVKRMTASSAS CAAACAGATCTATATTACCAAGCATG SSQRPLLTMTNST AAGGGTTTGAAGGCTATGGATGTATT IASNDSSGFPSPG GATTATTACGAATTCTATATTGATGT IHNTTTTTTQYQY TAATCCCAGTGTTGTTTGCAGGCTTG SMGMNMPNFPPVP GAATTTCTGGATAGTGCCTCTGGATT FPGYQSRTTGVTS TGAGTCCGGGTCTTTGACTCAAACCT HIVSDGRHHQGMN CTGTAGTGATTGTCCTGCCTTTGGGT RHPSVDHFDRELA ACTTTAGTAGCACAAAGAATAGCTAC RIDDEDDDGYPFA GAGGGGTTACATGCCCGATAGTCTGG SSEKAVMHGDDDD AGGCTTCTAGCGGACCAAATGGTTCA DVERGRRRALPPS TTGCCGTTATCTAATTTAAGTTTCGC LGGVRVERTIETR TGGAGGGGGCGGTGGTGGTTCTGGGG SEERMPSPDPLGV GACATAAAGATAAAGAAAACGGTGGC TKPRSFE  GGTATTATACCGCCTACTACGAACAA (SEQ ID NO: 96) TACTGCTGCTACTAATTTTTCTTCAT CAATCGCGTGTTCTGGTATATCTTGT TTACCAAAAGTCAAAAGAATGACCGC GAGTTCAGCCTCAAGTAGCCAGAGAC CGTTGTTGACAATGACTAACTCAACC ATAGCGAGTAATGACAGTTCAGGTTT CCCTTCTCCTGGCATACATAATACCA CTACTACGACAACACAATACCAATAT TCCATGGGAATGAACATGCCGAACTT TCCTCCAGTCCCGTTCCCAGGTTACC AGTCACGTACTACCGGTGTTACTTCC CATATTGTGTCCGACGGTAGACATCA CCAGGGTATGAACAGGCACCCATCTG TTGACCATTTTGATAGGGAACTTGCT AGGATTGATGATGAAGATGACGATGG TTACCCTTTCGCATCAAGTGAAAAGG CCGTTATGCACGGAGACGATGACGAC GATGTGGAAAGGGGACGTCGTAGAGC TCTACCACCATCCTTAGGTGGAGTTA GAGTTGAAAGGACGATCGAGACCAGG AGCGAGGAACGTATGCCATCTCCGGA CCCATTGGGTGTTACGAAGCCTAGAT CATTCGAGTAG (SEQ ID NO: 97) Pseudogymnoascus FCWRPG MSTANVHLPADFD (codon optimized) destructans QPCG PTRQNITIYTPDG ATGTCCACTGCCAACGTTCATTTACC TPVVATLPMINLF AGCTGATTTCGATCCAACTAGACAAA NRQNNEICVVYGC ACATCACTATCTATACCCCAGACGGT QLGASLIMFLVVL ACCCCAGTTGTTGCTACCTTGCCAAT LTTRVSKRKSPIF GATCAATTTGTTTAACAGACAAAACA VLNVLSLIISCLR ACGAAATCTGTGTTGTTTACGGTTGT SLLQILYYIGPWT CAATTGGGTGCCTCTTTAATTATGTT EIYRYLSFDYSTV CTTGGTTGTTTTGTTGACCACCAGAG PASAYANSVAATL TTTCCAAGAGAAAATCTCCAATCTTC LTLFLLITIEASL GTCTTGAACGTTTTGTCTTTGATTAT VLQTNVVCKSMSS TTCTTGTTTAAGATCCTTGTTGCAAA HIRWPVTALSMVV TTTTATACTATATTGGTCCATGGACC SLLAISFRFGLTI GAGATCTACAGATACTTGTCTTTCGA RNIEGILGATVKS TTACTCTACTGTCCCAGCTTCCGCTT DSLMFSGASLISE ACGCTAATTCTGTTGCTGCCACTTTA TASIWFFCTIFVI TTAACCTTATTCTTATTGATTACCAT KLGWTLYQRKKMG TGAAGCTTCTTTAGTTTTACAAACTA LKQWGPMQIITIM ACGTTGTCTGCAAGTCTATGTCTTCT AGCTMLIPSLFTV CACATTCGTTGGCCAGTTACTGCTTT LEFFPEETFYEAG GTCCATGGTTGTCTCTTTATTGGCTA TLAICLVAILLPL TTTCTTTTAGATTCGGTTTGACCATC SSVWAAAAIDGDE CGTAACATCGAAGGTATCTTAGGTGC PVRPHGSTPKFAS TACTGTCAAATCCGACTCCTTAATGT FNMGSDYKSSSAH TCTCTGGTGCCTCTTTGATCTCTGAA LPRSIRKASVPAE ACTGCTTCTATCTGGTTCTTCTGCAC HLSRTSEEELGDD TATTTTCGTTATTAAATTGGGTTGGA GTLNRGGAYGMDR CCTTGTACCAAAGAAAGAAGATGGGT MSGSISPRGVRIE TTGAAGCAATGGGGTCCAATGCAAAT RTYEVHTAGRGGS  TATCACTATCATGGCTGGTTGCACCA IEREDIF TGTTGATCCCATCCTTGTTCACTGTT (SEQ ID NO: 98) TTGGAATTCTTCCCTGAAGAAACTTT CTACGAGGCCGGTACTTTGGCTATCT GTTTGGTTGCTATTTTGTTGCCATTA TCTTCCGTCTGGGCTGCCGCTGCTAT TGATGGTGATGAACCAGTCCGTCCAC ATGGTTCTACCCCAAAATTCGCTTCT TTCAACATGGGTTCCGACTACAAATC TTCTTCTGCTCACTTGCCAAGATCTA TTAGAAAGGCCTCCGTCCCAGCTGAA CATTTATCTAGAACTTCTGAAGAAGA GTTAGGTGACGACGGTACTTTGAACA GAGGTGGTGCCTACGGTATGGACAGA ATGTCCGGTTCTATCTCCCCTAGAGG TGTCAGAATTGAAAGAACTTACGAAG TTCATACCGCTGGTAGAGGTGGTTCT ATCGAGAGAGAGGACATCTTCTAG (SEQ ID NO: 99) Hypocrea WCYRIGE MSSFDPYTQNITI (codon optimized) jecorina PCW LVSPSSPPISIPI ATGTCTTCCTTCGACCCATACACTCA PVIDAFNDETASI AAACATTACTATTTTGGTTTCTCCAT ITNYAAQLGAALA CCTCTCCACCAATTTCCATTCCAATC MLLVLLAATPTAR CCAGTTATCGACGCTTTCAACGACGA LLRADGPSLLHAL AACCGCTTCTATCATTACTAACTACG ALLVCVVRTVLLI CCGCTCAATTAGGTGCTGCTTTGGCC YFFLTPFSHFYQV ATGTTATTAGTTTTGTTGGCCGCTAC WTGDFSQVPAWNY TCCAACCGCTAGATTGTTAAGAGCTG RASIAGTVLSTLL ATGGTCCATCCTTGTTGCACGCTTTG TVVTDAALVNQAW GCCTTGTTAGTCTGTGTCGTCAGAAC TMVSLFAPRTKRA TGTCTTATTGATCTACTTCTTCTTGA VCVLSLLITLLAI CCCCATTCTCTCACTTCTACCAAGTC SFRVAYTVIQCEG TGGACCGGTGACTTCTCTCAAGTTCC IAELAAPRQYAWL AGCTTGGAACTACAGAGCTTCTATTG IRATLIFNICSIA CTGGTACCGTTTTGTCTACTTTGTTG WFCALFNSKLVAH ACCGTTGTTACCGACGCTGCTTTGGT LVTNRGVLPSRRA TAACCAAGCTTGGACTATGGTTTCTT MSPMEVLIMANGI TATTCGCTCCAAGAACTAAGAGAGCC LMIVPVVFAILEW GTTTGTGTTTTGTCCTTGTTAATCAC HHFINFEAGSLTP CTTGTTGGCCATTTCTTTCAGAGTCG TSIAIILPLSSLA CTTACACCGTCATTCAATGTGAAGGT AQRIANTSSS ATCGCTGAATTGGCTGCTCCAAGACA (SEQ ID NO: 100) ATACGCTTGGTTGATCAGAGCCACTT TGATCTTTAACATCTGTTCCATTGCC TGGTTCTGTGCTTTGTTCAACTCTAA GTTGGTTGCTCACTTGGTTACCAACA GAGGTGTCTTGCCATCCCGTAGAGCC ATGTCCCCAATGGAAGTTTTGATTAT GGCCAACGGTATCTTGATGATTGTTC CAGTTGTTTTCGCTATCTTGGAATGG CACCACTTCATTAACTTCGAAGCTGG TTCTTTAACCCCAACCTCCATCGCCA TTATCTTGCCATTGTCCTCTTTGGCC GCCCAAAGAATCGCCAACACTTCTTC CTCTTAG (SEQ ID NO: 101) Tuber WTPRPGR MEQIPVYERPGFN (codon optimized) melanosporum GAY PHKQNITLFKHDG ATGGAGCAAATCCCAGTCTACGAGCG STVTVGLHELDAM TCCAGGTTTCAACCCACACAAGCAAA FTHSIRVAVVFAS ACATTACCTTGTTCAAGCATGATGGT QIGACALLSVIVA TCTACTGTTACTGTCGGTTTGCATGA MVTKREKRRALFF GTTGGACGCCATGTTCACTCATTCCA LHIISLLLVVVRS TCAGAGTTGCTGTCGTCTTCGCCTCT VLQILYFVGPWAE CAAATTGGTGCTTGTGCTTTGTTGTC TYNYVAYYYEDIP TGTTATCGTTGCTATGGTCACCAAGA LSDKLISIWAGII GAGAAAAGAGACGTGCTTTGTTCTTC QLILNICILLSLI TTGCACATTATTTCCTTGTTGTTGGT LQVRVVYATSPKL CGTTGTTCGTTCCGTCTTGCAAATCT NTIMTLVSCVIAS TGTACTTCGTCGGTCCATGGGCTGAA ISVGFFFTVIVQI ACTTATAATTACGTCGCCTACTACTA SEAILNGVGYDGW TGAAGACATTCCTTTGTCTGACAAAT VYKVHRGVFAGAI TGATTTCCATTTGGGCTGGTATTATC AFFSFIFIFKLAF CAATTGATTTTGAATATCTGTATTTT AIRRRKALGLQRF GTTATCTTTGATCTTGCAAGTTCGTG GPLQVIFIMGCQT TCGTTTACGCCACCTCTCCAAAATTG MIVPAIFATLENG AACACTATTATGACTTTAGTCTCTTG VGFEGMSSLTATL TGTTATCGCTTCTATTTCTGTCGGTT AVISLPLSSMWAA TCTTCTTTACTGTCATCGTTCAAATT AQTDGPSPQSTPR TCTGAGGCTATTTTAAACGGTGTTGG DGYRRFSTRRSAL TTACGACGGTTGGGTTTACAAAGTCC NRSDPSGGRSVDM ATAGAGGTGTCTTCGCTGGTGCTATC NTLDSTGNDSLAL GCCTTCTTCTCTTTCATCTTCATCTT HVDKTFTVESSPS TAAGTTGGCCTTCGCTATCAGAAGAA SQSQAGPHKERGF  GAAAGGCTTTGGGTTTGCAAAGATTC EFA GGTCCATTGCAAGTTATCTTCATCAT (SEQ ID NO: 102) GGGTTGTCAAACTATGATTGTTCCAG CTATCTTTGCTACTTTGGAAAACGGT GTTGGTTTCGAAGGTATGTCCTCTTT GACTGCTACCTTGGCTGTCATTTCCT TACCATTGTCTTCTATGTGGGCCGCC GCTCAAACCGACGGTCCATCTCCACA ATCCACTCCAAGAGACGGTTATAGAA GATTCTCTACTCGTAGATCTGCCTTG AACAGATCTGACCCATCTGGTGGTAG ATCTGTTGACATGAACACCTTGGACT CTACCGGTAACGATTCCTTAGCTTTG CACGTTGATAAGACTTTTACTGTTGA ATCTTCCCCATCCTCCCAATCTCAAG CTGGTCCACACAAGGAAAGAGGTTTC GAATTCGCCTAG (SEQ ID NO: 103) Dactylellina WCVYNS MDHNTQHFNRPEY (codon optimized) haptotyla CP IEIPVPPSKGFNP ATGGACCACAACACCCAACACTTCAA HTNPAFFIYPDGS CAGACCTGAATACATTGAAATCCCAG NMTFWFGQIDDFR TTCCACCATCTAAGGGTTTCAACCCA RDQLFTNTIFSIQ CACACCAACCCTGCTTTCTTCATCTA IGAALVILCVMFC CCCAGACGGTTCTAATATGACCTTTT VTHADKRKTIVYL GGTTCGGTCAAATCGACGATTTCAGA LNVSNLFVVIIRG CGTGACCAATTATTCACTAACACCAT VFFVHYFMGGLAR CTTTTCCATTCAAATTGGTGCCGCTT TYTTFTWDTSDVQ TGGTCATCTTATGTGTCATGTTTTGT QSEKATSIVSSIC GTTACCCACGCTGATAAGCGTAAAAC SLILMIGTQISLL CATTGTCTACTTGTTAAACGTTTCCA LQVRICYALNPRS ACTTGTTCGTTGTTATCATTAGAGGT KTAILVTCGSISG GTTTTCTTTGTTCATTACTTCATGGG IATTAYLLLGAYT TGGTTTGGCCAGAACCTATACCACTT IQLREKPPDMKFM TCACCTGGGATACTTCTGATGTTCAA KWAKPVVNALVAL CAATCTGAGAAGGCTACTTCCATTGT SIVSFSGIFSWRM CTCCTCTATTTGTTCTTTGATTTTGA FQSVRNRRRMGFT TGATCGGTACTCAAATCTCCTTATTG GIGSLESLLASGF TTGCAAGTCAGAATCTGTTACGCTTT QCLVFPGLVTTAL GAACCCAAGATCCAAGACCGCTATCT TVAGSTWYIAVNL TGGTTACTTGTGGTTCTATTTCCGGT TTPSDLTAIYNCS ATTGCTACCACTGCTTATTTATTGTT AFFAYAFSIPLLK GGGTGCTTACACTATTCAATTGAGAG ERAQVEKTISVVI AAAAGCCACCAGACATGAAGTTCATG AIAGVLVVAYGDG AAGTGGGCTAAGCCAGTTGTTAACGC ADDGSTSNGEKAR TTTGGTTGCCTTGTCCATTGTCTCCT LGGNVLIGIGSVL TTTCTGGTATTTTCTCTTGGAGAATG YGLYEVLYKKLLC TTCCAATCTGTCAGAAACAGAAGAAG PPSGASPGRSVVF AATGGGTTTCACTGGTATCGGTTCCT SNTVCACIGAFTL TGGAATCTTTGTTGGCTTCTGGTTTC LFLWIPLPLLHWS CAATGTTTAGTCTTCCCTGGTTTGGT GWEIFELPTGKTA TACTACCGCTTTGACCGTCGCCGGTT KLLGISIAANATF CCACTTGGTATATCGCTGTTAACTTA SGSFLILISLTGP ACTACTCCATCTGACTTGACCGCTAT VLSSVAALLTIFL TTACAACTGTTCCGCTTTTTTCGCTT VAITDRILFGREL ATGCTTTCTCCATTCCATTGTTAAAG TSAAILGGLLIIA GAAAGAGCTCAAGTTGAAAAGACCAT AFALLSWATWKEM TTCTGTTGTCATTGCTATCGCTGGTG IEENEKDTIDSIS  TCTTAGTCGTTGCTTACGGTGACGGT DVGDHDD GCTGACGACGGTTCCACCTCTAACGG (SEQ ID NO: 104) TGAAAAGGCTAGATTGGGTGGTAACG TCTTGATCGGTATCGGTTCTGTCTTG TATGGTTTATACGAAGTCTTGTATAA GAAGTTATTATGTCCACCATCTGGTG CTTCCCCAGGTAGATCTGTTGTTTTC TCTAATACCGTTTGTGCTTGCATCGG TGCTTTCACTTTGTTATTCTTGTGGA TCCCATTGCCATTGTTGCACTGGTCC GGTTGGGAAATTTTTGAATTGCCAAC CGGTAAGACTGCTAAGTTATTGGGTA TTTCCATTGCCGCTAACGCCACCTTC TCTGGTTCTTTCTTGATCTTAATTTC TTTGACTGGTCCAGTTTTGTCCTCTG TTGCCGCCTTGTTGACCATTTTCTTG GTTGCTATTACTGACAGAATTTTATT CGGTAGAGAATTGACTTCTGCTGCCA TTTTGGGTGGTTTGTTGATCATCGCT GCCTTCGCTTTGTTATCTTGGGCTAC TTGGAAGGAAATGATTGAAGAGAACG AGAAGGATACTATCGATTCCATCTCT GACGTTGGTGACCACGATGACTAG (SEQ ID NO: 105) Sporothrix YCPLKGQ MKPAAGPASSPFD (codon optimized) scheckii SCW PFNQTFYLTGPDN ATGAAACCCGCCGCTGGACCTGCATC TTVPVSVPQVDYI TAGTCCATTCGACCCATTTAACCAAA WHYIIGTSINYGS CGTTTTACCTGACCGGTCCAGATAAT QIGACLLMLLVML ACCACTGTACCAGTCTCAGTCCCACA TLTSKSRFSRAAT AGTTGACTATATCTGGCATTATATTA LINVASLLIGVIR TTGGAACATCCATCAACTATGGTTCT CVLLAVYFTSSLT CAGATCGGAGCCTGTTTACTTATGCT ELYALFVGDYSQV TCTTGTGATGTTGACATTGACTTCAA RRSDLCVSAVATF AGTCAAGATTTTCTCGTGCGGCCACT FSLPQLVLIEAAL CTGATTAACGTAGCAAGCTTATTGAT FLQAYSMIKMWPS TGGAGTAATTCGTTGTGTTCTTTTAG LWRAVVLAMSVVV CTGTCTACTTTACTTCTTCTCTAACT AVCAIGFKFASVV GAATTGTATGCTCTGTTCGTTGGCGA MRMRSTLTLDDSL TTACAGCCAGGTCCGTAGGTCTGATC DFWLVEVDLAFTA TTTGTGTCTCTGCTGTGGCAACCTTC TTIFWFCFIYIIR TTTAGTCTACCACAATTAGTTCTAAT LVIHMWEYRSILP AGAAGCTGCTTTGTTTCTACAGGCTT PMGSVSAMEVLVM ATAGTATGATCAAAATGTGGCCATCC TNGALMLVPVIFA CTGTGGAGAGCAGTGGTTTTAGCTAT AIEINGLSSFESG GTCAGTGGTGGTGGCTGTGTGTGCAA SLVHTSVIVLLPL TCGGTTTTAAGTTCGCGTCCGTTGTT GSLIAQAMTRPDG ATGCGTATGAGGTCAACATTAACATT YVQRTNTSGASGA GGACGATTCTTTGGATTTCTGGCTAG SGAHPGRNGSGHG TGGAAGTCGATCTGGCTTTTACAGCA GHGGAYSRAMTNT ACTACTATTTTTTGGTTTTGTTTCAT LNTLDTLDTVDSK CTACATTATAAGGTTGGTTATTCATA TSIMHHHHHHHRN TGTGGGAATATAGAAGCATTTTACCA HSNGMSKTKANSG CCAATGGGGTCTGTTTCTGCTATGGA TWSHASDANSTNA GGTTCTTGTTATGACCAATGGAGCGT MISGGIATQVRIQ TGATGTTAGTTCCAGTGATTTTCGCC ANQSTLGNTGMSG GCAATAGAAATCAATGGTTTATCAAG GSGAPNSHTRNNS CTTTGAATCAGGGTCACTGGTTCATA LAAMEPVEKQLHD CATCAGTGATTGTATTATTACCTTTA IDATPLSASDCRV GGTAGCTTGATAGCGCAAGCAATGAC WVDREVEVRRDMV ACGTCCAGATGGGTATGTCCAAAGAA (SEQ ID NO: 106) CGAATACATCTGGAGCATCAGGCGCA AGTGGTGCACATCCTGGTAGAAATGG ATCCGGACACGGTGGTCATGGTGGTG CGTACTCAAGAGCCATGACTAATACC CTAAATACATTGGATACATTGGATAC CGTAGACAGTAAGACATCCATAATGC ATCATCATCATCACCATCATAGAAAC CACTCAAATGGCATGAGTAAGACGAA GGCAAATAGTGGAACATGGAGCCATG CGTCAGATGCTAACTCCACCAATGCT ATGATCAGCGGTGGTATCGCAACTCA AGTTAGGATTCAAGCTAATCAGTCAA CCTTAGGAAATACGGGGATGTCCGGG GGCTCTGGAGCCCCTAATTCTCATAC TCGTAATAACTCATTGGCTGCTATGG AACCAGTGGAGAAGCAACTGCATGAT ATCGATGCCACACCTTTAAGCGCATC TGATTGCAGGGTCTGGGTTGATCGTG AGGTCGAGGTCAGAAGGGACATGGTC TAG (SEQ ID NO: 107) Yarrowia WRWFWL MQLPPRPDFDIAT (codon optimized) lipolytica PGYGEP LVASITVPETELV ATGCAATTGCCACCACGTCCAGACTT NW LGQMPLGALEQLY CGACATTGCCACTTTGGTTGCCTCTA QNRLRLAILFGVR TCACTGTTCCAGAAACTGAATTGGTC VGAAVLTLIAMHL TTGGGTCAAATGCCATTGGGTGCTTT ISKKNRTKILFLA AGAACAATTGTACCAAAACAGATTGC NQMSLIMLIIHAA GTTTGGCTATTTTGTTCGGTGTCAGA LYFRFLLGPFASM GTCGGTGCTGCTGTTTTGACCTTGAT LMMVAYIVDPRSN TGCTATGCACTTAATCTCCAAGAAGA VSNDISVSVATNV ACAGAACCAAGATCTTGTTCTTGGCT FMMLMIMSVQLSL AACCAAATGTCTTTGATCATGTTGAT AVQTRSVFHAWLK CATCCATGCTGCTTTGTACTTCAGAT SRIYVTVGLILLS TCTTGTTGGGTCCATTCGCCTCCATG LVVFVFWTTHTIV TTGATGATGGTTGCTTACATCGTTGA SCIVLTHPTRDLP TCCAAGATCTAACGTCTCTAACGATA SMGWTRLASDVSF TCTCTGTTTCTGTTGCCACCAACGTT ACSISFASLVLLA TTCATGATGTTGATGATTATGTCCGT KLVTAIRVRKTLG CCAATTGTCTTTGGCTGTTCAAACCC KKPLGYTKVLVIM GTTCTGTTTTCCACGCTTGGTTGAAG STQSLVVPSILII TCTCGTATTTACGTTACCGTTGGTTT VNYALPEKNSWIL AATCTTGTTGTCCTTGGTCGTCTTCG SGVAYLMVVLSLP TCTTCTGGACCACCCACACTATCGTT LSSIWATAVHDDE TCTTGTATCGTTTTAACCCATCCAAC MQSNYLLSALKDG TAGAGACTTGCCATCTATGGGTTGGA HVQPSESKLKTVF CTAGATTAGCTTCTGACGTTTCCTTC LNRLRPFSTTTNR GCTTGTTCTATCTCTTTCGCTTCTTT DDESSVDSPAMPS GGTCTTGTTGGCTAAGTTGGTCACCG TGFECDEKMPESD CCATCAGAGTTAGAAAGACCTTGGGT VTFLN AAGAAGCCATTGGGTTACACCAAGGT (SEQ ID NO: 108) TTTGGTCATCATGTCCACTCAATCTT TAGTCGTTCCATCTATCTTGATTATC GTTAACTACGCTTTGCCAGAAAAAAA CTCTTGGATCTTGTCTGGTGTCGCTT ACTTGATGGTTGTTTTGTCCTTACCA TTGTCCTCCATTTGGGCTACCGCCGT CCATGACGACGAAATGCAATCCAACT ACTTGTTGTCTGCCTTGAAAGATGGT CACGTTCAACCATCCGAATCTAAGTT GAAGACTGTTTTCTTGAACAGATTGA GACCATTCTCTACTACCACTAACAGA GACGATGAATCCTCTGTTGATTCCCC AGCCATGCCATCTCCAGAATCTGATG TTACCTTCTTGAACACTGGTTTCGAA TGTGACGAAAAGATGTAG (SEQ ID NO: 109) Torulaspora GWMRLR MSDSAQNLSDLAF (codon optimized) delbrueckii LGQPL NSSYNPLDSFITF ATGTCTGACTCCGCCCAAAACTTGTC TSIYGDNTAVKFS CGATTTGGCCTTCAACTCTTCTTATA VLQDMVDVNTNEA ACCCATTGGACTCCTTTATTACCTTT IVYGTRCGASVLT ACCTCTATCTACGGTGATAACACTGC QIIMWMISKNRRT TGTTAAGTTCTCCGTTTTACAAGACA PVFIINQVSLTLI TGGTTGACGTTAATACTAATGAAGCC LIHSALYFKYLLS ATCGTTTACGGTACCCGTTGTGGTGC GFGSVVYGLTAFP TTCTGTCTTGACCCAAATTATCATGT QLIKPGDLRAFAA GGATGATTTCTAAAAACAGAAGAACC ANIVMVLLVASIE CCAGTCTTTATTATTAACCAAGTTTC ASLIFQVKVIFTG TTTGACTTTGATTTTAATTCACTCTG DNMKRVGLILTII CCTTGTACTTCAAGTACTTGTTGTCT CTCMGLATVTMYF GGTTTCGGTTCCGTTGTCTACGGTTT ITAVKSIVSLYRD GACTGCTTTCCCACAATTGATTAAGC MSGSSTVLYNVSL CAGGTGATTTGAGAGCTTTCGCTGCT IMLASSIHFMALI GCTAACATCGTTATGGTCTTGTTGGT LVVKLFLAVRSRR CGCTTCTATTGAAGCTTCCTTAATCT FLGLKQFDSFHIL TCCAAGTCAAAGTTATCTTCACCGGT LIISCQTLLVPSL GATAACATGAAGAGAGTCGGTTTAAT LFIIAYSFPSSKN CTTGACTATTATTTGTACTTGTATGG IESLKAIAVLTVV GTTTAGCTACTGTTACCATGTACTTT LSLPLSSMWATAA ATTACTGCCGTCAAGTCTATTGTCTC NNFTNSSSSGSDS TTTGTACCGTGACATGTCTGGTTCCT APTNGGFYGRGSS CCACCGTTTTATATAACGTTTCTTTA NLYPEKTDNRSPK ATTATGTTGGCTTCCTCCATCCACTT GARNALYELRSKN TATGGCTTTGATCTTGGTTGTCAAAT NAEGQADIYTVTD TGTTCTTGGCTGTTAGATCTAGAAGA IENDIFNDLSKPV TTCTTGGGTTTGAAACAATTCGATTC EQNIFSDVQIIDS TTTCCACATTTTGTTGATCATCTCTT HSLHKACSKEDPV GTCAAACTTTGTTGGTTCCATCTTTA MTLYTPNTAIEGE TTATTCATTATTGCTTACTCTTTTCC ERKLWTSDCSCST ATCTTCTAAGAACATTGAATCTTTGA NGSTPVKKKSTGE AGGCTATCGCTGTTTTGACCGTCGTT YANLPPHLLRYDE TTGTCTTTGCCATTGTCTTCTATGTG NYDEEAGGRRKAS GGCTACTGCTGCTAATAACTTCACTA LKW ACTCTTCCTCCTCCGGTTCCGACTCC (SEQ ID NO: 110) GCTCCAACCAATGGTGGTTTCTACGG TAGAGGTTCTTCCAACTTGTATCCTG AAAAGACTGATAACAGATCCCCAAAG GGTGCCAGAAACGCTTTATACGAATT AAGATCTAAGAACAATGCTGAGGGTC AAGCTGATATTTACACCGTTACCGAT ATTGAAAACGATATTTTCAACGATTT GTCCAAGCCAGTTGAGCAAAACATTT TCTCTGATGTTCAAATTATTGATTCT CATTCTTTGCATAAGGCTTGTTCTAA AGAAGACCCAGTCATGACTTTGTACA CTCCAAACACTGCTATTGAAGGTGAG GAGAGAAAATTGTGGACTTCTGACTG TTCCTGTTCCACTAACGGTTCCACCC CAGTTAAGAAGAAGTCCACCGGTGAA TACGCCAATTTACCACCACACTTATT AAGATATGATGAAAACTACGATGAAG AAGCTGGTGGTAGACGTAAGGCCTCC TTGAAATGGTAG (SEQ ID NO: 111) Komagataella FRWRNN MEEYSDSFDPSQQ (codon optimized) pastoris EKNQPFG LLNFTSLYGETDA ATGGAAGAATACTCCGACTCCTTCGA TFAELDDYHFYVV CCCATCCCAACAATTGTTGAACTTCA KYAIVYGARIGVG CTTCCTTATACGGTGAAACCGATGCT MFCTLMLFVVSKS ACTTTCGCTGAATTGGACGACTACCA WKTPIFVLNQSSL CTTCTACGTCGTTAAGTACGCCATCG ILLIIHSGFYIHY TTTACGGTGCCAGAATTGGTGTCGGT LTNQFSSLTYMFT ATGTTTTGTACTTTGATGTTGTTCGT RIPNETHAGVDLR TGTTTCCAAGTCTTGGAAGACTCCAA INVVTNTLYALLI TCTTCGTCTTGAACCAATCTTCTTTG LSIEISLIYQVFV ATTTTGTTGATTATTCACTCCGGTTT IFKGVYENSLRWI CTACATCCACTACTTGACCAACCAAT VTIFTALFAAAVV TCTCTTCCTTGACCTACATGTTCACT AINFYVTTLQSVS AGAATCCCAAACGAAACCCATGCTGG MYNSNVDFPRWAS TGTCGATTTGCGTATTAACGTCGTTA NVPLILFASSVNW CCAACACCTTGTACGCTTTGTTGATC ACLLLSLKLFFAI TTATCTATTGAAATTTCCTTAATTTA KVRRSLGLRQFDT CCAAGTCTTCGTTATCTTCAAAGGTG FHILAIMFSQTLI TCTACGAAAACTCTTTAAGATGGATT IPSILIVLGYTGT GTTACTATTTTCACCGCTTTATTCGC RDRDSLASLGFLL CGCCGCCGTCGTTGCTATTAACTTCT IVVSLPFSSMWAA ACGTCACTACTTTGCAATCTGTCTCT TANNSNIPTSTGS ATGTACAACTCTAACGTTGACTTTCC FAWKNRYSPSTYS AAGATGGGCTTCTAACGTCCCATTGA DDTTAVSKSFTIM TCTTGTTCGCTTCTTCTGTCAACTGG TAKDECFTTDTEG GCTTGTTTGTTGTTGTCCTTGAAGTT SPRFIKGDRTSED GTTCTTCGCTATCAAGGTTAGAAGAT LHF CTTTGGGTTTGAGACAATTCGACACT (SEQ ID NO: 112) TTTCACATCTTGGCCATCATGTTCTC TCAAACTTTGATTATCCCATCCATTT TGATTGTCTTGGGTTACACTGGTACC AGAGACAGAGACTCCTTGGCTTCTTT GGGTTTCTTGTTGATCGTTGTTTCTT TGCCATTTTCCTCTATGTGGGCTGCC ACTGCTAACAACTCCAACATCCCAAC CTCTACCGGTTCTTTCGCCTGGAAGA ACAGATACTCCCCATCTACTTACTCC GACGATACCACTGCTGTTTCCAAGTC CTTCACTATTATGACCGCTAAGGATG AATGTTTCACCACTGATACCGAAGGT TCTCCAAGATTCATCAAGGGTGACAG AACCTCCGAAGATTTGCACTTCTAG  (SEQ ID NO: 113) 6.8.4. Key Characteristics of Peptide Ligands

Twenty three natural fungal peptides were synthesized and tested for activation of their corresponding receptor in the biosensor strain. Physico-chemical properties, e.g., peptide length, overall charge, charge distribution and hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity were determined for all 23 functionally verified peptide ligands using the program ProtParam on the Expasy server [Walker (2005) ISBN 978-1-59259-890-8]. Sequence variability and conserved sequence motifs within the set of peptide ligands were determined using an alignment and clustering method described in [Andreatta et al. (2013)].

A. Physicochemical Characteristics of Peptide Ligands

Natural mating peptide ligands featured diversity in length (9-23 residues), overall charge and number of charged residues as well as hydrophobicity (GRAVY, Grand average of hydropathy [Kyte and Doolittle (1982)] ranging from hydrophobic to mildly hydrophilic (see Table 9).

B. Sequence-Function Relationship and Sequence Diversity

Functional domains within alpha-factor: previously reported Alanine scanning mutagenesis revealed defined functional domains within the S. cerevisiae mating pheromone alpha-factor [Naider et al. (2004)]. Residues at the C-terminus were found to be mainly involved in binding to the receptor, while residues at the N-terminus were shown to contribute to signaling due to receptor activation. NMR studies also showed that alpha factor adopts a bended secondary structure due to the tendency of the internal residue stretch to form a loop [Higashijima et al. (1983)].

Sequence motifs of peptide ligands: A motif search for the peptides listed below was performed using a 13-residue motif length as an input parameter, because this is the length of the well characterized alpha factor. The peptides were clustered into 3 groups by conservation of residues (see FIG. 12B): all three clusters showed conservation of internal prolines and Cluster 1 and cluster 3 sequence motif featured the conservation of the aromatic N-terminal “activation domain” also found in S. cerevisiae alpha factor.

Correlation between sequence motifs and physicochemical properties: The peptide alignments within the clusters showed that sequences within the same cluster varied in length, overall charge, distribution of charged residues and hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity (see FIG. 12). Cluster 1 featured high variability in overall charge (from negative to positive) and charge distribution across the sequence as well as hydrophobic and hydrophilic members. Cluster 1 and 2 featured variability in the length of group members showing a variation of up to 3 additional residues.

6.9. Example 9: Identification of Biomarkers Specific for a Disease Sample

The design of S. cerevisiae biosensor allowed for simple plug-and-play engineering of new receptor-ligand pairs into the existing biosensor strain. The first step in developing yeast biosensors for additional targets using this platform was the identification of specific peptide biomarkers, for which specific receptors can be adapted via receptor engineering and directed evolution. As shown in FIG. 15, a pipeline for identification of viable peptide biomarkers was developed.

First, mass spectrometric analysis is used to identify the peptidome of a given sample. A sample can be anything from a blood sample to a nasal swab or water sample. The peptidome of a sample includes peptides a priori present in the sample or otherwise released after proteolytic treatment (e.g. treatment with trypsin or chemotrypsin).

The resulting peptides are then compared against our existing fungal ligand library to identify the highest homology match. The inventors' fungal ligand library is a list of fungal peptide pheromones—unmodified peptides between 9-15 residues in length—which are predicted or have been validated to activate their cognate fungal mating GPCR. The GPCR corresponding to homologous library peptide is then used as parent for biosensor engineering and provides an advantageous starting point for directed evolution experiments towards the peptide target.

6.10. Example 10: Trypsination of Cholera Toxin to Release Target Ligands

Cholera toxin (CTx) is a heteromeric protein complex secreted by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae. It is responsible for the massive, watery diarrhea characteristic of cholera infection and it was shown to be an abundant protein in stool samples of cholera-infected patients. [LaRocque et al. (2008)]. CTx is composed of 2 subunits, CtxA (27 kDa) and CtxB (11.6 kDa), where CtxB assembles in a pentameric ring around a single CtxA subunit.

Trypsin digestion of un-denatured, completely folded Ctx (the protein form expected in an untreated stool sample) was performed and the resulting peptidome was determined by mass spectrometry (see peptide list in Table 7). Then, a similarity search of the resulting Ctx peptidome was performed with the inventors' existing library of functional peptides tested in their sensor strain. A peptide HFGVLDEQLHR (SEQ ID NO: 132) with 36% identity to a functional member of the inventors' fungal peptide library, the fungi Zygosaccharomyces rouxii (see FIG. 16) was detected.

The conservation of N-termini of these peptides is encouraging since the N-terminal end of mating pheromones was shown to be significant for receptor activation. [Naider et al. (2004)]. In addition, while tryptic release of some peptides may be less efficient than others because several predicted trypsin cleavage sites might not be solvent exposed and accessible, the high peptide count of the identified peptide (Table 7) indicates its high abundance in the analyzed sample. Importantly, the same peptide identified in this work was previously reported in tryptic digests of clinical stool samples from cholera infected patients. [LaRocque et al. (2008)]. Directed evolution experiments towards GPCR binding of the identified Ctx peptide is performed.

TABLE 7 Peptidome of Cholera Toxin after trypsin treatment Peptide Peptide released by trypsin digest count Cholera toxin subunit A  ADGYGLAGFPPEHR (SEQ ID NO: 114)  7 ADSRPPDE (SEQ ID NO: 115)  2 ADSRPPDEIK (SEQ ID NO: 116)  4 ADSRPPDEIKQS (SEQ ID NO: 117)  1 ADSRPPDEIKQSGGLMPR (SEQ ID NO: 118)  9 AGFPPEHR (SEQ ID NO: 119)  2 ALGGIPYSQIYGWYR (SEQ ID NO: 120)  1 APAADGYGLAGFPPEHR (SEQ ID NO: 121)  5 ATAPNMFNVNDVLGAYSPHPDEQEVSALGGIPYSQIYGW  4 YR (SEQ ID NO: 122) AYSPHPDEQEVSALGGIPYSQIYGWYR  1 (SEQ ID NO: 123) DIAPAADGYGLAGFPPEHR (SEQ ID NO: 124)  1 DRYYSNLDIAPAADGYGLAGFPPEHR 34 (SEQ ID NO: 125) DSRPPDEIK (SEQ ID NO: 126)  3 DVLGAYSPHPDEQEVSALGGIPYSQIYGWYR  1 (SEQ ID NO: 127) FGVLDEQLHR (SEQ ID NO: 128)  8 FLDEYQSKVKRQIFSGYQSDIDTHNR  2 (SEQ ID NO: 129) FLDEYQSKVKRQIFSGYQSDIDTHNRIKDEL  5 (SEQ ID NO: 130) FNVNDVLGAYSPHPDEQEVSALGGIPYSQIYGWYR  1 (SEQ ID NO: 131) GAYSPHPDEQEVSALGGIPYSQIYGWYR  2 (SEQ ID NO: 132) GGIPYSQIYGWYR (SEQ ID NO: 133)  2 GQSEYFDR (SEQ ID NO: 134)  4 GQSEYFDRGTQMNINLYDHAR (SEQ ID NO: 135)  6 GTQMNINLYDHAR (SEQ ID NO: 136) 45 GTQTGFVR (SEQ ID NO: 137) 15 GTQTGFVRHDDGYVSTSISLR (SEQ ID NO: 138)  3 GYQSDIDTHNR (SEQ ID NO: 139)  1 GYRDRYYSNLDIAPAADGYGLAGFPPEHR  3 (SEQ ID NO: 140) HDDGYVSTS (SEQ ID NO: 141)  1 HDDGYVSTSISLR (SEQ ID NO: 142) 38 HFGVLDEQLHR (SEQ ID NO: 143) 76 KQSGGLMPR (SEQ ID NO: 144)  5 LDIAPAADGYGLAGFPPEHR (SEQ ID NO: 145)  2 NVNDVLGAYSPHPDEQEVSALGGIPYSQIYGWYR 11 (SEQ ID NO: 146) QEVSALGGIPYSQIYGWYR (SEQ ID NO: 147)  1 QIFSGYQSDIDTH (SEQ ID NO: 148)  1 QIFSGYQSDIDTHN (SEQ ID NO: 149)  1 QIFSGYQSDIDTHNR (SEQ ID NO: 150) 41 QSDIDTHNR (SEQ ID NO: 151)  2 QSGGLMPR (SEQ ID NO: 152)  6 RHDDGYVSTSISLR (SEQ ID NO: 153) 21 RQIFSGYQSDIDTHNR (SEQ ID NO: 154)  7 SAHLVGQTILSGH (SEQ ID NO: 155)  1 SAHLVGQTILSGHSTY (SEQ ID NO: 156)  1 SAHLVGQTILSGHSTYY (SEQ ID NO: 157)  5 SAHLVGQTILSGHSTYYIYVIATAPNMF  5 (SEQ ID NO: 158) SDIDTHNR (SEQ ID NO: 159) 98 SGYQSDIDTHNR (SEQ ID NO: 160)  6 SNLDIAPAADGYGLAGFPPEHR (SEQ ID NO: 161) 14 SQIYGWYR (SEQ ID NO: 162)  4 SRPPDEIKQSGGLMPR (SEQ ID NO: 163)  1 TAPNMFNVNDVLGAYSPHPDEQEVSALGGIPYSQIYGWY  2 R (SEQ ID NO: 164) VIATAPNMFNVNDVLGAYSPHPDEQEVSALGGIPYSQIY  1 GWYR (SEQ ID NO: 165) VKRQIFSGYQSDIDTHNRIKDEL   2 (SEQ ID NO: 166) VLDEQLHR (SEQ ID NO: 167)  1 YQSDIDTHNR (SEQ ID NO: 168)  2 YSNLDIAPAADGYGLAGFPPEHR 17 (SEQ ID NO: 169) YSPHPDEQEVSALGGIPYSQIYGWYR  1 (SEQ ID NO: 170) YSQIYGWYR (SEQ ID NO: 171)  1 YYSNLDIAPAADGYGLA (SEQ ID NO: 172)  1 YYSNLDIAPAADGYGLAGFPPEHR 29 (SEQ ID NO: 173) Cholera subunit B  AIAAISMAN (SEQ ID NO: 174)  1 EMAIITFK (SEQ ID NO: 175)  1 FSYTESLAGK (SEQ ID NO: 176)  1 IFSYTESLAGK (SEQ ID NO: 177)  2 NDKIFSYTESLAGK (SEQ ID NO: 178)  2 NGATFQVEVPGSQH (SEQ ID NO: 179)  1 NGATFQVEVPGSQHIDSQK (SEQ ID NO: 180) 10 NGATFQVEVPGSQHIDSQKK (SEQ ID NO: 181) 18 SYTESLAGKR (SEQ ID NO: 182)  5 TPHAIAAISMAN (SEQ ID NO: 183)  2 YTESLAGK (SEQ ID NO: 184)  1

6.11 Example 11: Dipstick Test

Materials and Methods. To assemble the dipstick, the biosensor strains were pre-cultured in 50 mL of yeast extract peptone dextrose media (YPD) at 30° C. at 300 RPM for 72 hours. The culture was diluted with water to an OD₆₀₀ of 2.5 and vacuum filtered onto a glass fiber filter paper (Thermo Scientific, DS0281-7500) using a plastic stencil to generate spots with a diameter of 5 mm. An appropriate culture volume was used to give about 5×10⁷ cells per spot. The filter paper with biosensor spots was cut into small squares (8×8 mm, 1 biosensor spot) and placed onto a strip of wicking paper made of a standard brown paper towel (fig. S8B, C). Each paper-based dipstick assay contained two different spots—an indicator (biosensor) spot and a control spot composed of S. cerevisiae carrying off-target receptor as a negative control.

To characterize its functionality, the dipstick was dipped into 1 mL of liquid sample and incubated at 30° C. The lycopene readout was inspected visually and quantitatively measured using time-lapse photography analyzed with ImageJ. A 24-well plate was used to easily array several dipsticks in the field of view of the camera. For all assays, a 10× stock of media was used and diluted to reach the appropriate 1× concentration. All measurements were performed in three or more replicates. For YPD assays (FIG. 17B-D), the dipstick was dipped into 1×YPD media supplemented with 1 μM of the indicated fungal pathogen peptide. For soil assays (FIG. 17D), 0.5 g of soil was pre-conditioned with 2 nmol (in 200 μL of water) of the indicated fungal pathogen peptide and allowed to air dry for 1 hour. The dipstick was inserted into the soil and 2 mL of 1×YPD media was added to give a concentration of 1 μM of fungal peptide. For urine and serum assays (FIG. 17D), the samples were vortexed briefly to resuspend particles, supplemented with 1×YPD media to give a concentration of 50% of urine or serum. For blood assays (FIG. 17D), the sample was supplemented with 1×YPD media to give a final concentration of 2% blood.

Additionally, we designed a small plastic holder to facilitate the ease of use of this dipstick assay. This plastic holder was 3D printed out of acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS). We validated the holder it did not negatively impact the assay functionality.

To assay the long-term stability of the paper-dipstick, the biosensor spots were prepared on filter paper as described above and allowed to air-dry for 20 minutes at room temperature. The filter papers were then placed in plastic pouches, flushed with argon, sealed and stored in the dark at room temperature. After 38 weeks of storage the filter papers were removed from the storage pouches, and assembled with the paper towel wicking paper as described above. To characterize the functionality, the assembled paper dipsticks were rehydrated by dipping directly into 1 mL of liquid sample made of 1×YPD media supplemented either with 1 μM of the indicated fungal pathogen peptide or water as a control and incubated at 30° C. The lycopene readout was inspected visually and quantitatively measured using time-lapse photography. All measurements were performed in three or more replicates.

We also determined a visibility threshold for paper-based dipstick assay when measured by time-lapse photography and pixel color analysis. This was done by visually inspecting time-lapse clips. The visible threshold for the dipstick assay was determined to be 4 Δ Red Color units and is shown by a grey line in FIG. 17B, D).

To enable quantitative characterization of the paper-based dipstick assay we developed a method to measure lycopene production based on time-lapse photography and pixel color value analysis. Specifically, dipsticks dipped in samples and a tripod-mounted digital single-lens reflex camera (DSLR, Nikon D7000) were placed in a dark box kept at 30° C. Flash photographs were taken automatically every 5 minutes. The resulting sequence of photographs was analyzed using ImageJ¹³⁹. For each time point, the average pixel color values were measured for each of the two dipstick spots using constant measurement areas. The apparent level of red color of each spot was first calculated by the following:

$\begin{matrix} {R_{apparent} = \frac{R - \left( \frac{G + B}{2} \right)}{R}} & ({E1}) \end{matrix}$ where R, G, B are the measured red, green and blue color values, respectively. Since the color of the biosensor spots ranges from off-white to red-orange the color values are such that R>G>B is always true. Therefore, R_(apparent) is a value that scores the level of red from 0 to 1. We then calculated the total level of positive lycopene readout produced by the dipstick by the following: ΔRed Color=R _(app, indicator) −R _(app, negative)  (E2) where R_(app, indicator) and R_(app, negative) are the apparent red color values of the indicator biosensor spot and the negative control yeast spot, respectively given by Eq. E1. Importantly, since the two yeast spots of the dipstick assay are always in close proximity to each other, the Δ Red Color value is not sensitive to variations in light levels and can be used to compare dipsticks placed anywhere in the field of view of the camera. Using these sequences of photographs we also generated time-lapse clips showing that the lycopene color change can be visualized by the naked eye. These clips are motion and exposure equalized to remove flicker between frames.

Results and Discussion. Biosensor and control cells were spotted onto filter paper, and detection was performed by simply dipping the paper into liquid samples containing synthetic mating peptides (FIG. 17A). In addition to visual inspection, we quantified lycopene accumulation on paper using pixel color analysis.

Using a P. brasiliensis dipstick assay, we observed a robust and highly reproducible signal that surpassed the visible lycopene threshold to give a clear Yes/No readout (FIG. 17B). Similar results were achieved using a C. albicans dipstick assay (FIG. 17C). As expected, no cross-reactivity was observed between these two pathogens. Lastly, to ensure the signal remains visible in complex samples, we performed dipstick tests in soil, urine, serum and blood supplemented with synthetic mating peptides. In all sample types, micromolar levels of peptide were successfully detected (FIG. 17D). Importantly, the dipstick assay retained its functionality after being stored for 38 weeks at room temperature. Further, see FIG. 18A-E.

6.12 Example 12: Detection of Yeast Strains

Materials and Methods.

Preparation of Culture Supernatant from Clinically Isolated Fungal Pathogens

H. capsulatum—Strains Hc01 and Hc06 are clinical isolates representing North America class 2 (NAm2) and North America class 1 (NAm1), respectively.¹²⁷ H. capsulatum strains were added to liquid SDA medium (40 g/L glucose, 10 g/L peptone) at 10⁵ cells/mL and incubated for 10 days at 26° C. without agitation to induce conversion to mycelia. Conversion to mycelia was confirmed by phase-contrast microscopy. Mycelia were then transferred to HMM media.¹²⁸ and the cultures incubated at 26° C. After 3 weeks of growth, mycelia were separated from the supernatant by filtration through a cellulose filter (Whatman qualitative filter paper #2, 8 μm-diameter pores) and the filtrate subsequently filtered through a polyethersulfone membrane (0.45 μm diameter pores) to obtain the final culture filtrate. The supernatants were lyophilized, resuspended in 0.1 volume of H₂O (10× concentration) and kept at −20° C.

Paracoccidioides—Strains P. brasiliensis Pb18 and P. lutzii Pb01 are clinical isolates containing mating loci MAT1-2 and MAT1-1, respectively.¹²⁹ The mycelium form was grown at 24° C. at 150 rpm in synthetic McVeigh Morton (MMvM) liquid medium.¹³⁰ Supernatants were collected by filtration 10 days after the yeast-mycelium transition. The supernatants were lyophilized, resuspended in 0.1 volume of H₂O (10× concentration) and kept at −20° C.

C. albicans—Human isolates GC75 with MTLα/MTLα¹³¹ and ySB36¹³² were utilized, the latter being found to be heterozygous for its mating loci, MTLa/MTLα. Homozygous MTLα/MTLα derivatives of ySB36 were obtained by selection on sorbose as previously described.¹³³ In brief: ySB36 was cultured for 16 hours in YPD liquid media at 30° C., washed once with water and ˜10⁵ cells were plated on 2% sorbose media (0.67% yeast nitrogen base without amino acids, 2% sorbose). Colonies were visible after 4 days incubation at 30° C. Several colonies were re-streaked on 2% sorbose media, followed by re-streaking on YPD media and genotyping by colony PCR (see primers Listed in Table 8 below). One homozygous MTLα/MTLα isolate (ySB45) was used for supernatant preparation. Phenotypically switched opaque colonies of GC75 and ySB45 were isolated by Phloxine B staining as previously described.¹³⁴ In brief: A single colony of GC75 or ySB45 was incubated for 24 h at 25° C. in liquid YPD media without agitation. In total ˜2×10³ cells were plated on YPD agar supplemented with 5 μg/ml Phloxine B (Sigma Aldrich) and incubated at 25° C. for 4 days. Opaque colonies stained pink on Phloxine B containing media. For supernatant preparation, a single opaque colony of C. albicans GC75 or ySB45 was cultured overnight in YPD media at 25° C., and used to inoculate 50 ml of YPD liquid media. Cells were cultured for ˜24 h at 25° C. to a final OD₆₀₀ of 9.5 (˜2.8×10⁸ cells/ml) and 7.9 (˜2.3×10⁸ cells/ml), respectively. Cells were pelleted by centrifugation, the supernatant was reduced to dryness by vacuum concentration and resuspended in 0.1 volume H₂O (10× concentration) and kept at −20° C.

TABLE 8 Primers for cloning of fungal receptors and for genotyping of C. albicans isolates. Gibson assembly was used for receptor cloning except where restriction sites are indicated. Primers used for cloning fungal receptors from genomic DNA and pLPreB: Sc.Ste2: MJ492: (SEQ ID NO: 185) ACCAAGAACTTAGTTTCGACGGATACTAGTAAAATGTCTGATGCGGCTCC TTC MJ493: (SEQ ID NO: 186) ACGAAATTACTTTTTCAAAGCCGTCTCGAGCTATAAATTATTATTATCTT CAGTCCAGAA Ca.Ste2: MJ440: SEQ ID NO: 187) acgtcaaggagaaaaaaccccggaaactagtaAAATGAATATCAATTCAA CTTTCATACC MJ362: (SEQ ID NO: 188) gcaagtctcgagCTACACTCTTTTGATGGTGATTTG Cg.Ste2: MJ498: (SEQ ID NO: 189) ACCAAGAACTTAGTTTCGACGGATACTAGTAAAATGGAGATGGGCTACGA TCC MJ499: (SEQ ID NO: 190) ACGAAATTACTTTTTCAAAGCCGTCTCGAGCTATTTGTCACACTGACTTT GTTG Le.Ste2: MJ504: (SEQ ID NO: 191) ACCAAGAACTTAGTTTCGACGGATACTAGTAAAATGGACGAAGCAATCAA TGCAAAC MJ505: (SEQ ID NO: 192) ACGAAATTACTTTTTCAAAGCCGTCTCGAGCTATTTTTTCAACATAGTCA CTTC Pb.Ste2: MJ508: (SEQ ID NO: 193) ACCAAGAACTTAGTTTCGACGGATACTAGTAAAATGGCACCCTCATTCGA CC MJ509: (SEQ ID NO: 194) ACGAAATTACTTTTTCAAAGCCGTCTCGAGCTAGGCCTTTGTGCCAGCTT C Zr.Ste2: MJ518: (SEQ ID NO: 195) ACCAAGAACTTAGTTTCGACGGATACTAGTAAAATGAGTGAGATTAACAA TTCTACCTAC MJ519: (SEQ ID NO: 196 ACGAAATTACTTTTTCAAAGCCGTCTCGAGCTATAATTTCTTTAGGATAA TTTTTTTACT Primers used for genotyping MTL loci of C. albicans MTLa: SB469: (SEQ ID NO: 197) TGTAAACATCCTCAATTGTACCCGA SB470: (SEQ ID NO: 198) TTCGAGTACATTCTGGTCGCG MTLa1: SB471: (SEQ ID NO: 199) TTCGAGTACATTCTGGTCGCG SB472: (SEQ ID NO: 200) ATCAATTCCCTTTCTCTTCGATTAGG

S. cerevisiae—samples were obtained from S. cerevisiae strain FY250 with MTLα¹³⁵ and W303-1B with MTLα (ATCC 201238). Cells were cultured in 50 ml YPD media for 20 h at 30° C. to a final OD₆₀₀ of 9.8 (˜2.9×10⁸ cells/ml) and 8.5 (˜2.5×10⁸ cells/ml), respectively. Cells were pelleted by centrifugation, the supernatant of FY250 was reduced to dryness by vacuum concentration and resuspended in 0.1 volume H₂O (10× concentration) and kept at −20° C. The supernatant of W303-1B was kept at 1× concentration at −20° C.

Detection of mating peptides in supernatants of clinically isolated fungal strains. P. brasiliensis or C. albicans biosensor strains (yMJ258 and yMJ260, respectively) and a control S. cerevisiae strain (yMJ251) were used to test for the presence of the respective mating peptides in supernatants derived from clinically isolated pathogenic fungi or S. cerevisiae (supernatants preparation described above). Cells were seeded at an OD₆₀₀ of 2 in the indicated supernatant mixed with standard complete synthetic media (2% dextrose) supplemented with 5% YPD in 96-well microtiter plates, cultured at 30° C. and 800 RPM, and lycopene production was measured by absorbance as described above. A 2× stock of media and a 10× stock of the supernatant were used and diluted to reach the appropriate 1× concentration. The control supernatant for W303-1B was diluted to 50% in the final assay. Statistical significance of signal (i.e. biosensor strain treated with its cognate-supernatant) over noise (same biosensor strain treated with non-cognate supernatants) was determined by performing a paired parametric t-test in Prism (GraphPad). The highest P-value resulting from sample comparisons is given as **P≤0.01, ***P≤0.001 (FIG. 22E). All measurements were performed in triplicates.

Determination of lycopene content in microtiter plate format.

To determine the relative lycopene content directly in a cell suspension, we adapted the method proposed by Myers et al.¹⁴⁰ to characterize pigmented cells through optical density measurements at multiple wavelengths. This method greatly reduces the noise due to variations in cell growth phase, cell density and other sample irregularities. This enabled the precise evaluation of lycopene content in a high throughput microtiter plate format.

As described by Myers et al.¹⁴⁰, the optical density of the cell suspension measured at a sensitive wavelength (i.e. corresponding to an absorption maxima of the pigment) is approximately composed of two additive components: scatter due to cells and absorbance due to the pigment. Therefore the pigment content in a cell suspension is proportional to the measured optical density corrected for the scattering component as follows: [pigment]∝Abs_(S,P)=OD_(S)−OD_(S,scat)  (E3) where Abs_(S,P) is the absorbance due to the pigment at the sensitive wavelength S, OD_(S) is the measured optical density at the sensitive wavelength S, and OD_(S,scat) is a calculated scattering component at the sensitive wavelength S. Since there was noticeable Raleigh-like wavelength dependence in the scatter of lycopene null strains we chose the following functional form to approximate scatter at a particular wavelength λ:

$\begin{matrix} {{OD}_{\lambda,{scat}} = {B - {\log_{10}\left( {1 - \frac{A}{\lambda}} \right)}}} & ({E4}) \end{matrix}$ where A and B are constants that reflect changes in cell density and other sample irregularities. At each time point and for each sample, we can calculate the corresponding values of A and B by using the optical density values measured at two robust wavelengths (i.e. corresponding to wavelengths where scatter is the only or dominant component). Substituting these additional scatter-only optical density measurements into Eq. E4 and solving for A and B we get:

$\begin{matrix} {{A = {R\; 1\left( \frac{1 - T}{\frac{R\; 1}{R\; 2} - T} \right)}},{{{where}\mspace{14mu} T} = 10^{{OD}_{R\; 1} - {OD}_{R\; 2}}}} & ({E5}) \\ {B = {{OD}_{R\; 1} + {\log_{10}\left( {1 - \frac{A}{R\; 2}} \right)}}} & ({E6}) \end{matrix}$ where OD_(R1) and OD_(R2) are the measured optical densities at the robust wavelengths R1 and R2. Therefore, by setting λ=S and substituting Eq. E4 into Eq. E3, the relative content of lycopene in a cell suspension is given by: [pigment]∝Abs_(S,P)=OD_(S)+log₁₀(1−A/S)−B  (E7)

To apply this method to lycopene in yeast, we determined the appropriate sensitive and robust wavelengths by obtaining the absorbance spectrum of lycopene directly in yeast cells. The spectrum was determined by subtracting the optical density spectrum of a lycopene null strain yMJ105 from that of a constitutive lycopene producing strain LW2671 (FIG. 19B). This spectrum showed the characteristic profile of lycopene absorbance and had two major absorbance maxima at 485 nm and 520 nm (FIG. 19C). Based on this spectrum, 520 nm was chosen as the sensitive wavelength (S=520) since it is furthest away from other natural chromophores in yeast that absorb below 500 nm (e.g. flavins). 395 nm and 600 nm were chosen as the two robust wavelengths (R1=600 and R2=395) with low absorbance from lycopene and other natural chromophores.

Three additional considerations were crucial to yield reproducible lycopene measurements in a microtiter plate format. First, all three optical density measurements (at 395 nm, 520 nm and 600 nm) were taken at the same time for each well to reduce errors due to the settling of cells during the measurement of a whole microtiter plate. Second, assay wells were blanked using a reference well on the same microtiter plate containing identical media conditions as the assay wells but with no cells. This was particularly important when colored media was used. Finally, high cell densities (OD₆₀₀≥2) were used to yield larger bulk lycopene signals even with the short path length of micro titer plates (˜3 mm). Since these high optical density values were outside the linear range of the photodetector, all optical density values were first corrected using the following formula to give true optical density values:

$\begin{matrix} {{OD}_{true} = \frac{k \cdot {OD}_{meas}}{{OD}_{sat} - {OD}_{meas}}} & ({E8}) \end{matrix}$ where OD_(meas) is the measured optical density, OD_(sat) is the saturation value of the photodetector and k is the true optical density at which the detector reaches half saturation of the measured optical density. Appropriate values for OD_(sat) and k were determined by plotting direct optical density measurements of a range of cultures of several strains, against the true optical densities determined by dilution to the linear range. Optical densities were taken at 395 nm, 520 nm and 600 nm. All points were fit once with Eq. E8 using Prism (GraphPad) to give OD_(sat)=3.57 and k=3.16. These values were used to correct all optical density measurements in this study.

Results and Discussion. Next, we challenged our biosensor for detection of naturally secreted mating peptides using clinically-isolated Paracoccidioides strains. Paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM), an invasive fungal infection endemic to Latin America, is one of many neglected tropical diseases that primarily affect poor populations and lack systematic surveillance.¹⁴¹ PCM is caused by inhalation of airborne conidia produced by mycelium of the soil ascomycete P. brasiliensis. ¹³⁶ Recent identification of the genetic components underlying its mating system¹³⁷ enabled us to pursue specific yeast-based detection of P. brasiliensis, which could facilitate detection of its environmental reservoir.

Specifically, we challenged our yeast biosensor to detect cultured mycelial P. brasiliensis isolated from human patients. Biosensor cells expressing P. brasiliensis mating receptor, which exhibited specific and sensitive detection of its synthetic mating peptide (FIGS. 20A-B and 21A-D), were mixed with spent supernatants from two clinically isolated Paracoccidioides strains (Table 10). In response, we observed lycopene production well above the visible threshold (FIG. 22E). Secreted mating peptides were similarly detected from clinical isolates of C. albicans and H. capsulatum (FIG. 22E). Interestingly, the peptide produced by H. capsulatum ¹³⁷, the causative agent of Histoplasmosis,¹³⁸ is identical to that of P. brasiliensis and could be detected using both biosensor strains (FIG. 22A-D).

TABLE 9 Synthetic Receptor Pathogenic Peptide UniProt Receptor Species Association Target Sequence ID Source Saccharomyces Baker's yeast — WHWLQLKPGQPMY D6VTK4 ATCC cerevisiae 200895 Candida Candidiasis Human WHWVRLRKGQGIF Q6FLY8 ATCC glabrata 2001 Candida Candidiasis Human GFRLTNFGYFEPG Q59Q04 ATCC albicans MYA-2876 Lodderomyces Candidiasis Human WMWTRYGRFSPV A5E1D9 ATCC elongisporus 11503 Paracoccidioides Paracoccidioido- Human WCTRPGQGC C1GFU7 Plasmid brasiliensis mycosis pLPreB(30) (lutzii) Botrytis cinerea Gray mold Plants WCGRPGQPC G2YE05 codon- (Botryotinia optimized fuckeliana) synthetic DNA Fusarium Wheat head Plants WCWWKGQPCW I1RG07 codon- graminearum blight optimized (Gibberella synthetic zeae) DNA Magnaporthe Rice blast Plants QWCPRRGQPCW G4MR89 codon- oryzae optimized synthetic DNA Zygosaccharomyces Spoilage Food HLVRLSPGAAMF S6EXB4 codon- bailii spoilage optimized synthetic DNA Zygosaccharomyces Spoilage Food HFIELDPGQPMF C5DX97 ATCC rouxii spoilage 2623 Histoplasma Histoplasmosis Human WCTRPGQGC C0NQ16 codon- capsulatum optimized synthetic DNA

TABLE 10 Strain Genotype Comments FY251 MATa his3-Δ200, leu2-Δ1 trp1-Δ63, ura3-52 ATCC 96098 BY4733 MATα his3Δ200 leu2Δ0 met15Δ0 trp1Δ63 ura3Δ0 ATCC 200895 LW2591 BY4733 MATα-inc HOΔ::ReRec Reiterative Recombination acceptor strain (32) LW2671 BY4733 derivative overexpressing CrtEBI Constitutive lycopene producing strain (40) yMJ105 LW2591 sst2-Δ far1-Δ Parental biosensor strain Fluorescence Readout Strains yMJ183 yMJ105 ste2-Δ fus1Δ::pFUS1-HIS3-tHIS3 Receptor-less fluorescence ReRec[1]::pFUS1-yCherry-tACT1 biosensor strain yMJ281 yMJ183 + pMJ093 S. cerevisiae biosensor yMJ282 yMJ183 + pMJ090 C. albicans biosensor yMJ284 yMJ183 + pMJ095 B. cinerea biosensor yMJ285 yMJ183 + pMJ096 C. glabrata biosensor yMJ286 yMJ183 + pMJ097 F. graminearum biosensor yMJ288 yMJ183 + pMJ099 L. elongisporous biosensor yMJ289 yMJ183 + pMJ100 M. oryzea biosensor yMJ290 yMJ183 + pMJ101 P. brasiliensis biosensor yMJ294 yMJ183 + pMJ105 Z. bailii biosensor yMJ295 yMJ183 + pMJ106 Z. rouxii biosensor yMJ312 yMJ183 + pMJ117 H. capsulatum biosensor yJM06 yMJ183 + pJM13 Codon-optimized C. glabrata biosensor Lycopene Biosensor Strains yMJ116 yMJ105 ReRec[1]::pTEF1-CrtE-tADH1-(CrtB-pPGK1, rev) Lycopene null strain yMJ118 yMJ105 Unoptimized lycopene ReRec[1]::pTEF1-CrtE-tADH1-(CrtB-pPGK1, rev) biosensor Lyco-1 ReRec[2]::pFUS1-CrtI-tACT1 yMJ151 yMJ118 + pMJ006 “+2X CrtI” intermediate yMJ152 yMJ118 + pMJ009 “+tHMG1” intermediate yMJ165 yMJ118 + pMJ012 “+FAD1 ”intermediate yMJ251 yMJ105 met15Δ::pFUS1-CrtI-tACT1-MET15 Optimized lycopene ReRec[1]::pTEF1-CrtE-tADH1-(CrtB-pPGK1, rev) biosensor Lyco-2 (Sc ReRec[2]::pFUS1-CrtI-tACT1 biosensor) ReRec[3]::pTDH3-FAD1-tPGK1 yMJ258 yMJ251 ste2Δ::pTDH3-Pb.Ste2-tSTE2 Pb biosensor yMJ260 yMJ251 ste2Δ::pTDH3-Ca.Ste2-tSTE2 Ca biosensor Strains Used to Generate Pathogen and Control Supernatants W303-1B MATα leu2-3, 112 trp1-1 can1-100 ura3-1 ade2-1 his3-11, 15 ATCC 201238 FY250 MATα his3-Δ200, leu2-Δ1 trp1-Δ63, ura3-52 (50) GC75 Candida albicans, MTLα/MTLα Genebank assembly number GCA_000773735.1 (46) ySB36 Candida albicans, MTLα/MTLα Clinical isolate obtained from A-C. Uhlemann, mating loci (MTL) were genotyped by PCR ySB45 Candida albicans, MTLα/MTLα sorbose selected isolate, derivative of isolate ySB36, MTL were genotyped by PCR Pb01 Paracoccidioides lutzii, MAT1-1 Supernatant prepared by Prof. Fernando Rodrigues (44) Pb18 Paracoccidioides brasiliensis, MAT1-2 Supernatant prepared by Prof. Fernando Rodrigues (44) Hc01 Histoplasma capsulatum, NAm2 Supernatant prepared by Prof. Chad Rappleye (42) Hc06 Histoplasma capsulatum, NAm1 Supernatant prepared by Prof. Chad Rappleye (42)

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Various references are cited herein, the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entireties. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A method of detecting the presence of an agent of interest in a sample, comprising: a) contacting the sample with a sensor fungal cell comprising a fungal non-native G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) that binds to a peptide analyte derived from the agent, wherein the peptide analyte is a ligand for the fungal non-native GPCR, b) binding of the peptide analyte present in the sample to the fungal non-native GPCR, wherein binding of the peptide analyte to the fungal non-native GPCR triggers an appearance of a reporter, wherein the reporter is a biosynthesized; and c) detecting the appearance of the reporter by the naked eye, wherein the appearance of the reporter indicates the presence of the agent in the sample.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the agent is selected from the group consisting of human pathogenic agents, agricultural agents, industrial/model organism agents, and bioterrorism agents.
 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the non-native fungal GPCR receptor is engineered to bind to the peptide analyte.
 4. The method of claim 3, wherein the non-native fungal GPCR receptor is engineered by directed evolution.
 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the non-native fungal GPCR receptor is a fungal pheromone GPCR.
 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the non-native fungal GPCR receptor is a GPCR comprising an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21, 50, 52, 54, 56, 58, 60, 62, 64, 66, 68, 70, 72, 74, 76, 78, 80, 82, 84, 86, 88, 90, 92, 94, 96, 98, 100, 102, 104, 106, 108, 110 and
 112. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the agent is an infectious disease agent.
 8. The method of claim 7, wherein the sensor fungal cell is a yeast cell.
 9. The method of claim 8, wherein the sensor fungal cell is S. cerevisiae.
 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the sensor fungal cell is engineered to express the non-native fungal GPCR receptor.
 11. The method of claim 1, wherein the peptide analyte is a cognate ligand for the non-native GPCR receptor.
 12. The method of claim 1, wherein the peptide analyte is a non-cognate ligand for the non-native GPCR receptor.
 13. The method of claim 1, wherein the peptide analyte is a fungal mating pheromone.
 14. The method of claim 13, wherein the fungal mating pheromone is selected from the group consisting of human fungal mating pheromones, non-human animal fungal mating pheromones, plant fungal mating pheromones, food fungal mating pheromones, and industrial/model fungal mating pheromones.
 15. The method of claim 14, wherein the human fungal mating pheromone is selected from the group consisting of the mating pheromones of C. albicans, C. glabrata, P. brasiliensis, L. elongisporous, P. rubens, C. guillermondi, C. tropicalis, C. parapsilosis, C. lusitaniae, S. scheckii, and Candida krusei.
 16. The method of claim 14, wherein the non-human animal fungal mating pheromone is the mating pheromone of P. destructans.
 17. The method of claim 14, wherein the plant fungal mating pheromone is selected from the group consisting of the mating pheromones of F. graminearum, M. oryzea, B. cinerea, and G. candidum, and C. purpurea.
 18. The method of claim 14, wherein the food fungal mating pheromone is selected from the group consisting of the mating pheromones of Zygosaccharomyces bailii, Zygosaccharomyces rouxii, and N. fischeri.
 19. The method of claim 14, wherein the industrial/model fungal mating pheromone is selected from the group consisting of the mating pheromones of S. cerevisiae, K. lactis, S. pombe, V. polyspora (receptor 1), V. polyspora (receptor 2), S. stipitis, S. japonicas, S. castellii, S. octosporus, A. oryzae, T melanosporum, D. haptotyla, C. tenuis, Y. lipolytica, T delbrueckii, B. bassiana, K. pastoris, A. nidulans, N. crassa, and H. jecorina.
 20. The method of claim 1, wherein the peptide analyte is a peptide comprising an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 5, 8, 11, 14, 17, 20 and 34-49.
 21. The method of any one of claims 1-6, 11-12 and 13, wherein the peptide analyte has a length of about 3-30 residues.
 22. The method of claim 21, wherein the peptide analyte has a length of about 9-23 residues.
 23. The method of claim 1, wherein the peptide analyte is associated with a bacterial infection.
 24. The method of claim 23, wherein the peptide analyte is derived from Vibrio cholera.
 25. The method of claim 24, wherein the peptide analyte derived from Vibrio cholerae is selected from the group consisting of a peptide having an amino acid sequence set forth in VEVPGSQHIDSQKKA (SEQ ID NO: 26), a peptide having an amino acid sequence that is at least about 80%, at least about 90%, or at least about 95% homologous to SEQ ID NO: 26, a peptide having an amino acid sequence set forth in VPGSQHIDS (SEQ ID NO: 27), and a peptide having an amino acid sequence that is at least about 80%, at least about 90%, or at least about 95% homologous to SEQ ID NO:
 27. 26. The method of any one of claims 23-25, wherein the peptide analyte is derived from cholera toxin.
 27. The method of claim 26, wherein the peptide analyte derived from cholera toxin is a peptide comprising an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 114-184.
 28. The method of claim 1, wherein the reporter is lycopene.
 29. The method of claim 1, wherein the sample is selected from the group consisting of water samples and body fluid samples.
 30. The method of claim 29, wherein the water sample is selected from the group consisting of fresh water, sea water, and sewage samples.
 31. The method of claim 29, wherein the body fluid sample is selected from the group consisting of intestinal fluids, diarrhea, mucus, blood, cerebrospinal fluid, lymph, pus, saliva, vomit, urine, bile, and sweat.
 32. The method of claim 1, wherein the peptide analyte is derived from Aspergillus, Candida, Cryptococcus, Histoplasma, Pneumocystis, Stachybotrys and Paracoccidioides. 